Water Crisis
Introduction:
Water crisis is the term used to refer to the world’s water resources
relative to the human demand.
Water is one resource that cannot be generated it can only be preserved.
Sources of water:
The sources of water can be divided into two categories.
Surface water
ground water
Surface water:
It includes three hydrological units:
Indus basin river
Closed basin kharan desert
Makran coastal basin................
Indus basin river:
It consists of mountain basins Indus plain, Karachi plains and desert areas
of Sindh.
Its principle rivers and tributaries
are Indus, Shyok, Gilgit, Astor, and Siran, Kabul joined by Jhelum, Chenab and
Sutlej.
Makaran basin:
constitutes of streams of Malir, Hub, Porali, Kud, Hingol, Nai, Mashhai,
Dasht, Nihing and Kech.
covers an area of 122,400 sq. km
main source of water is rainfall.
Ground water:
The recharge or absorption to the
ground is around 72 maf, out of which about 48 maf is in the command of Indus
basin irrigation system.
Depth from 100 to 200 feet.
Water Distribution:
About 80% of the Punjab enjoys fresh ground water
Sind it’s less than 30%.
In NWFP, due to the greater amount of abstractions for wells done every
year, it’s now reaching into saline layers
Baluchistan has almost all saline
groundwater.
Tarbela dam:
Located on indus river.
2nd larest dam.
designed to store water from the Indus River
for irrigation, flood control, and the generation
of hydroelectric power.
Mangla dam:
Built on river jhelum.
Gross capacity of of 5.882 maf and live storage of 5.41 maf.
It has lost 13.2% of its storage and presently can store 4.636 maf of water
Agriculture:
For irrigation purposes out of 240.22 maf, 172.21 maf water is utilized.
In this the canal diversions is
105.23 maf;
system loses are 144-40;
rainwater is 6.0 maf;
ground water is 41.30
and utility above rims is 5.28 maf.
Power producers:
WAPDA (Water & Power Development Authority), KESC (Karachi
Electric Supply Company), IPPs (Independent Power Producers) and PAEC (Pakistan
Atomic Energy Commission).
Hydro and Hydel
power:
Hydro Power means conversion of kinetic energy of
water into electricity.
Hydel Power means conversion of temp. difference water
into electricity
Energy in the flowing water can be used to produce electricity.
Hydropower Projects:
Diamer Basha Dam Project
Transmission Scheme for Dispersal of Power from Diamer-Basha hydropower
Project to Major Load Centres in the National Grid
Water developments:
Construction of dams
Water management:
Lining the canals
Groundwater sources
Conclusion:
Building of more reservoirs and an effective management strategy.
Implementation of the recommendations.
0 comments:
Post a Comment