How to Start an Essay

How to Write an Essay

How to Start an Essay (Introduction)

This is a step from which an essay is started. Now the question is that how to start an essay?
There are some different methods to start an best essay such as:
(i) Start an essay with quotations of famous persons. Through these quotations essay will be started in direct manners form title of an essay. Quotations and saying are revealed topic of essay very clearly.

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What is Dictatorship

Dictatorship

What is Dictatorship

Now we Define Dictatorship:

Dictatorship Definition

A dictatorship is a government or a social situation where one person makes all the rules and decisions without input from anyone else.
Dictatorship implies absolute power — one person who takes control — of a political situation, a family, a classroom or even a camping expedition. In government, a dictatorship leaves no room for input from anyone who is not the top guy or gal. The noun comes from the late 14th century Latin word, dictare, which means to "repeat or say often." In a dictatorship, one person keeps repeating the same command: "My way or the highway."

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What Are Human Rights, Definition, Essay And others

Human Rights

Human Rights Definition

The basic rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled, often held to include the right to life and liberty, freedom of thought and expression, and equality before the law.

What are human rights?

The rights you have simply because you are human.
If you were to ask people in the street, “What are human rights?” you would get many different answers. They would tell you the rights they know about, but very few people know all their rights.
As covered in the definitions above, a right is a freedom of some kind. It is something to which you are entitled by virtue of being human.
Human rights are based on the principle of respect for the individual. Their fundamental assumption is that each person is a moral and rational being who deserves to be treated with dignity. They are called human rights because they are universal. Whereas nations or specialized groups enjoy specific rights that apply only to them, human rights are the rights to which everyone is entitled—no matter who they are or where they live—simply because they are alive.
Yet many people, when asked to name their rights, will list only freedom of speech and belief and perhaps one or two others.

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How to Write an Essay

How to Write an Essay 

How to Write a Good Essay ? 

The Essay Writing is a technical thing. Now these all tips for writing an essay are revealed in this post.

There are some steps for writing a essays such as:

(1) How to Write an Essay--Outline

(2) How to Write an Essay--Introduction 

(3) How to Write an Essay--Thesis Statement

(4) How to Write an Essay--Body

(5) How to Write an Essay--Conclusion 

Now these steps are discussed one by one as below:

(1) How to Write an Essay--Outline:

First, for writing an essay design outline of an essay. In this outline try to reveal all important points which will be discussed in an essay. There are two ways for planning an outline for writing a best essay.

(a) First you can just write some words in bullets but in random manner that what is in your mind just write on paper in outline form. After that these bullets word will be explained in body paragraph of the essay.

(b) Second is that write an outline in a planned manner. That what will be discussed first and then later. In this manner outline contains headings and subheadings of an essay.

After write an outline of a essay now start to write introductory paragraph. In introductory paragraph you have to explain topic introduction, but there are some ways for answering a question of how to start an essay?

(2) How to Write an Essay--Introduction:

This is a step from which an essay is started. Now the question is that how to start an essay?

There are some different methods to start an best essay such as:

(i) Start an essay with quotations of famous persons. Through these quotations essay will be started in direct manners form title of an essay. Quotations and saying are revealed topic of essay very clearly. 

(ii) Strat with a question or criticism. This is an effective way to start an essay but in critical writing.

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Human Rights Essay

Human Rights Essay

Human rights refer to the "basic rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled." Examples of rights and freedoms which have come to be commonly thought of as human rights include civil and political rights, such as the right to life and liberty, freedom of expression, and equality before the law; and economic, social and cultural rights, including the right to participate in culture, the right to food, the right to work, and the right to education. All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

Human Rights is a non-binding declaration adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1948, partly in response to the atrocities of World War II. Although the UDHR (Universal Declaration of human Rights) is a non- binding resolution, it is now considered to be a central component of international customary law which may be invoked under appropriate circumstances by national and other judiciaries.

The UDHR urges member nations to promote a number of human, civil, economic and social rights, asserting these rights are part of the "foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world." The declaration was the first international legal effort to limit the behaviour of states and press upon them duties to their citizens following the model of the rights-duty duality The UDHR was framed by members of the Human Rights Commission, with former First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt as Chair, who began to discuss an International Bill of Rights in 1947. The members of the Commission did not immediately agree on the form of such a bill of rights, and whether, or how, it should be enforced.

The Commission proceeded to frame the UDHR and accompanying treaties, but the UDHR quickly became the Priority. Canadian law professor John Humprey and French lawyer Rene Cassin were responsible for much of the cross-national research and the structure of the document respectively, where the articles of the declaration were interpretative of the general principle of the preamble.

The document was structured by Cassin to include the basic principles of dignity, liberty, equality and brotherhood in the first two articles, followed successively by rights pertaining to individuals; rights of individuals in relation to each other and to groups; spiritual, public and political rights; and economic, social and cultural rights. The final three articles place, according to Cassin, rights in the context of limits, duties and the social and political order in which they are to be realised. Humphrey and Cassin intended the rights in the UDHR to be legally enforceable through some means, as is reflected in the third clause of the preamble.

Some of the UDHR was researched and written by a committee of international experts on human rights, including representatives from all continents and all. j major religions, and drawing on consultation with leaders such as Mahatma j Gandhi. The inclusion of both civil and political rights and economic, social j and cultural rights was predicated on the assumption that basic human rights j are indivisible and that the different types of rights listed are inextricably linked.

I This principle was not then opposed by any member states (the declaration was adopted unanimously, with the abstention of the Eastern Bloc, Apartheid South Africa and Saudi Arabia), however this principle was later subject to I significant challenges.

The Universal Declaration was bifurcated into two distinct and different covenants, a Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and another! Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. Over the objection of the j more developed states [Capitalist], which questioned the relevance and propriety of such provisions in covenants on human rights, both begin with the right of I people to self-determination and to sovereignty over their natural resources.! Then the two covenants go different ways.

The drafters of the Covenants initially intended only one instrument. The original drafts included only political and civil rights, but economic and social rights | were added early. Western States then fought for, and obtained, a division into | two covenants. They insisted that economic and social right were essentially; aspirations or plans, not rights, since their realisation depended on availability of resources and on controversial economic theory and ideology.

These, they ' said, were not appropriate subjects for binding obligations and should not be | allowed to dilute the legal character of provisions honoring political-civil rights. 1 There was wide agreement and clear recognition that the means required to enforce or induce compliance with socio-economic undertakings were different from the means required for civil-political rights.

Because of the divisions over which rights to include, and because some states declined to ratify any treaties including certain specific interpretations of human rights, and despite the Soviet bloc and a number of developing countries arguing strongly for the inclusion of all rights in a so-called Unity Resolution, the rights enshrined in the UDHR were split into two separate covenants, allowing states to adopt some rights and derogate others. Though this allowed the covenants to be created, one commentator has written that it denied the proposed principle that all rights are linked which was central to some interpretations of the UDHR.

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Energy Crisis in Pakistan

1. Introduction :

Energy is considered to be life line of any economy and most vital instrument of socioeconomic development of a country. Energy is pivotal in running machinery in factories and industrial units, for lighting our cities and powering our vehicles etc.

There has been an enormous increase in the demand of energy as a result of industrial development and population growth, in comparison to enhancement in energy production. Supply of energy is, therefore, far less than the actual demand, resultantly crisis has emerged. An energy crisis can be defined as any great bottleneck (or price rise) in the supply of energy resources to an economy.

2. Pakistan’s Energy Sector:

Pakistan’s energy infrastructure is not well developed, rather it is considered to be underdeveloped and poorly managed. Currently the country is facing severe energy crisis. Despite of strong economic growth and rising energy demand during past decade, no serious efforts have been made to install new capacity of generation. Moreover, rapid demand growth, transmission losses due to outdated infrastructure, power theft, and seasonal reductions in the availability of hydropower have worsened the situation. Consequently, the demand exceeds supply and hence load-shedding is a common phenomenon through power shutdown.

2.1 Energy Supply :

During 2009-10, Energy supply and per capita availability of energy witnessed a decline of 0.64 % and 3.09 % respectively in comparison to previous year.

Pakistan needs around 15,000 to 20000 MW electricity per day, however, currently it is able to produce about 11,500 MW per day hence there is a shortfall of about 4000 to 9000 MW per day. This shortage is badly hampering the economic growth of the country.

2.2 Energy Consumption :

Pakistan’s energy consumption is met by mix of gas, oil, electricity, coal and LPG sources with different level of shares. Share of gas consumption stood at 43.7 %, followed by oil 29.0 percent, electricity 15.3 percent, coal 10.4 percent and LPG 1.5 percent.

3. Sources of Energy in Pakistan:

3.1 Non-renewable resources (Fossil fuels): [Limited – Expensive]

Non renewable resources are primarily fossil fuels emanating from remains/decomposition of animals and plants deposited deep into the earth crust and converted into oil and gas. These resources cannot be replenished. There are three main types of fossil fuels: coal, petroleum, natural gas and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG).

    a). Petroleum products:

In 2009-10, consumption of petroleum products was 29% of total share of energy. Majority of crude oil is imported from gulf countries to meet the demand. Power, industry and transport sectors consume higher quantity of petroleum followed by agriculture and house holds. Petroleum is also used in generation of electricity, which counts 64 percent of total electricity generation (34 coming from hydro generation). Balance recoverable reserves of crude oil in country have been estimated at 303.63 million barrels and we are extracting approximately 24 million crude oil annually, meaning if we do not explore new wells, we will exhaust our current crude oil reserves in 12-13 years.

    b). Natural Gas: 

Importance of natural gas is increasing rapidly. Average production of natural gas is 4,048.76 million cubic feet per day as against 3,986.53 million during corresponding last year, showing an increase of 1.56 percent. Natural gas is used in general industry to prepare consumer items, to produce cement, for manufacturing fertilizers and to generate electricity. In form of CNG, it is used in transport sector. Share of natural gas in energy consumption is 43.7 percent. Due to price differential between CNG and Petrol, vehicles are using converted to CNG and approximately 2.0 million vehicles are using CNG and currently Pakistan is the largest CNG user country in the world. Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) contributes around 0.7 percent to total energy supply in country and is being imported to stop deforestation in hilly areas.

    c). Coal: 

Pakistan has coal reserves estimated at over 185 billion tonnes, including 175 billion tonnes identified at Thar coalfields. Coal is primarily being used in brick kiln and cement industries and approximately 67 percent coal is imported because indigenous coal is not considered of good quality.

Guddu plant is largest plant thermal operated plant with a capacity of 1,650 MW, while two largest Independent Power Plants (IPPs) in Pakistan are Kot Addu (1,600 MW) and Hubb River (1,300 MW).

Causes of Energy Crisis : 

Pakistan’s energy crisis traces its roots to following distinct causes :

 Growing Energy Demand

; over the years there is greater need of energy because of;

    • increase in population,

    • enhancement in lifestyle

    • industrial and agricultural growth

    • greater transportation needs

 Lack of proactive and integrated planning for production of energy:

Pakistan has had wider potentials to tap energy, however, due to lack of any integrated/proactive planning, very less number of power producing plant were installed to meet futuristic demands. Resultantly, over the years, the gap between energy demand and supply drastically grew and now against demand of 20000 MW, we are having around 11500 MW.

Imbalanced energy energy mix

Energy mix in Pakistan is quite imbalance in comparison to other countries, with greater reliance on non-renewable resources of gas (43.7 %) and oil (29 % - majority of which is imported). Prices of petroleum products/crude oil fluctuate and in current Afro-Arab political crisis, the oil prices are likely to increase manifold affecting oil prices in Pakistan.

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PHARMACIES

Introduction To Pharmacies

The term Pharmacy is the word that is meant as drug. As it is linked with the science of drugs therefore, it resembles such a name. Basically drug is a very small and the basic term and the term pharmacies are basically covering broad categories and the activities related with the drugs. As mentioned above it is like a complete science of drugs. Pharmacies are the activities that are related with the use of drugs, the proper patient care, the instruments used in surgery, and also the provision of the drugs. Its scope is not limited to the existing equipment related with the medicines but it also deals with the incoming practices of medicines. Canadian pharmacies and the Mexican pharmacies are popular for the well processing of the medicines all around the world. Even the Canadian online pharmacies are the best internet Pharmacies.
Facts About Pharmacies

Basically there is a wide difference in the doctors and the pharmacists. The main difference is that the doctors are the physiologists which can only identify the diseases and are not responsible for prescribing the medicines to the patient. On the other hand the Pharmacists are the knowledge workers who are highly benefited with the medicine knowledge and they are responsible for drugs therapies and also providing the sufficient information to the patient about the drugs. In all of the countries almost there are Pharmacies that are authorized for keeping a check over the drugs supply in the whole country and therefore, the accidental issues are avoided in the country. Basically the branch of Pharmacies can be further categorized in to three branches like Pharmaceutics, Pharmacognosy and the Pharmacy practice. All of these branches are covering all of the categories of activities that come under the Pharmacies. Moreover, there are various people who mix up these branches of Pharmacies with the other branches like biochemistry. Discount pharmacies services can be achieved in the case of the bulk buying or purchasing from the specific clinical or the government Pharmacies.

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DEMOCRACY

DEMOCRACY (OXFORD)

Greek, ‘rule by the people’. Since the people are rarely unanimous, democracy as a descriptive term is synonymous with majority rule. In ancient Greece, and when the word was revived in the eighteenth century, most writers were opposed to what they called democracy. In modern times, the connotations of the word are so overwhelmingly favourable that regimes with no claim to it at all appropriated it (the German Democratic Republic, Democratic Kampuchea). Even when not used emptily as propaganda, ‘democracy’ and ‘democratic’ are frequently applied in ways which have no direct connection with majority rule: for instance, The Democratic Intellect (G. E. Davie) is a well-known discussion of the (supposed) egalitarianism of the Scottish educational system in the nineteenth century. Such uses of ‘democracy’ to mean ‘what I approve of ’ are not considered further here. Issues relating to majority rule include:

(1) Who are to count as ‘the people’ and what is a ‘majority’ of them? Ancient Athens called itself a democracy (from c.500 bc to c.330 bc) because all citizens could take part in political decisions. But women, slaves, and resident aliens (including people from other Greek cities) had no rights to participate. Citizens were thus less than a quarter of the adult population. Modern writers have nevertheless accepted the self-description of classical Athens as ‘democratic’ (see also Athenian democracy). Likewise, well under half the adult population of the United Kingdom had the vote before the first women were enfranchised in 1918; but 1918 is not usually given as the year in which Britain became a democracy. What minimum proportion of adults must be enfranchised before a regime may be called democratic? This simple question seems to lack simple answers.‘Majority’ appears to be more clear-cut than ‘people’; it means ‘more than half ’. In votes between two options or candidates this poses no difficulty; in votes among three or more it does. The difficulty was studied by various isolated people (Pliny the Younger, c. ad 105; Ramon Lull in the thirteenth century; Nicolas Cusanus in the fifteenth) but first systematically tackled by Borda and Condorcet in the late eighteenth century. The plurality rule (‘Select the candidate with the largest single number of votes, even if that number is less than half of the votes cast’) may select somebody whom the majority regard as the worst candidate. Nevertheless, countries using this rule for national elections (including Britain, the United States, and India) are normally described as ‘democratic’. Borda proposed to select the candidate with the highest average ranking; Condorcet proposed to select the candidate who wins in pairwise comparisons with each of the others. Although these are the two best interpretations of ‘majority rule’ when there are more than two candidates, they do not always select the same candidate; and the Condorcet winner—that is, the candidate who wins every pairwise comparison—sometimes does not exist. In this case, whichever candidate is chosen, there is always a majority who prefer some other, and the meaning of ‘majority rule’ is unclear.Voting in legislatures is usually by the binary resolution-and-amendment procedure, which always ensures that the winning option has beaten its last rival by a majority (but does not solve the problems mentioned in the previous paragraph).

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FITNESS EQUIPMENT

What Are Fitness Equipments?

The expansion of the media has been very rapid in the recent years. Just look around you and you will find every other individual much conscious about the health. Basically, the trend of the fast food has some much increased and the taste can never be ignored. Similarly the models and the looks which you fantasize over the media you can also not ignore that as well. Therefore, the maintenance of the proper health is desired by all of us. Therefore, the fitness equipment has been available in the market since the increasing trend of exercise.

Commercial And Home Fitness Equipment

Fitness equipment is not only used at the commercial level but there are some people who feel it very inconvenient to regularly visit the gym clubs. For the targeting market of such customers even the home fitness equipment is easily available in the market. The difference between the commercial fitness equipment and the home fitness equipment is the usage rate of the equipment. The commercial equipment is designed in such a way so that more and more customers can use them. On the other hand the residential fitness equipment is limited to a small number of people. The prices of the equipment also differ very widely and the equipments today available at very reasonable and cheap rates.

Cheap Fitness Equipment

Still if you feel that you are not able to buy the reasonable equipment according to your budget you can also ask the seller about the discount fitness equipment. In fat some equipment that gets old with respect to time is given at the lower rates as compare to the new model of the same machine. Moreover, you can also go to purchase the used fitness equipment. This is the second hand equipment and is usually handed over by the commercial gyms and the health club centers. The benefit of this equipment will be that you can get the cheap and the most effective equipment.

Examples Of Fitness Equipments

There is a number of fitness equipment available in the market like the elliptical fitness equipment. You can buy the cycle equipment or any according to your requirement. Some of the categories of the fitness equipment that is available at most of the selling companies include the elliptical treadmills, the rowing machines, the exercise bikes, sports fitness equipment, boxing equipment, Yoga and Pilates and many other s. the resistance in all of the machines is adjustable so that most of the people can get the benefit of the machine. All of the exercise equipments re the customized equipments you can adjust the location of the seat in the case of the bike; you can also adjust the height of the machine from the ground. Moreover, there are various colors and the designs are available in the fitness equipment so that the buyer can select the one according to his or her own choice.

Famous Fitness Equipment Sellers

There are a number of sellers in the market which are providing the reasonable and cheap fitness equipment like the Weider fitness equipment. Cybex fitness equipment has also made a well reputed name among the consumers and these fitness equipments are purchased all around the world. Similarly, Golds gym fitness equipment is very famous and also contributes towards achieving the aim of getting functionally fit. Last but not least the proform fitness equipment is another rocking name in the fitness equipment.

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WEIGHT LOSS

Importance Of Weight Loss

Weight loss is the term that is used to describe for reducing the weight by an individual through various means like medicines or the health fitness exercise. The consciousness among the people to look better is increasing with the period of time. Today people are more sensitive to the weight gaining issues than to taste any kind of food. You can say that there is a sort of awareness among the customers with respect to the weighty issues. A person gets the weight when he or she starts eating much food and there are also various diseases because of which the person starts showing the Weight as a symptom. The fats covers the whole body, adipose tissue layer is the main reason for storing the fats by the body. In order to avoid the sever diseases it becomes very necessary for the patient to lose the weight as soon as possible otherwise the patient can suffer from the chronic Diseases. This shows that the weight loss is one of the most significant treatments for which the people are going nowadays.

Ways To Lose Weight

Weight loss programs are also offered by various fitness companies which also provide the health fitness diets and the workout for a limited period of time. It has been observed that on the professional level the weight loss program is the most common method adapted all around the world. One of the most common weight loss plans is the La weight loss. There are various ways through which you can lose the weight and one of the most significant ways is the intentional weight loss, in this method the person is suffered from the Diabetes mellitus and this is caused because of the insufficient production of insulin in the body. The weight is lost as a result of the whole process but this is categorized as the Unintentional weight loss because this is not under the will of the person.
The second type of the weight loss is the intentional weight loss in which the person himself makes the effort to lose the weight. One of the methods that come under this category is the Therapeutic weight loss, in which the person can decrease the chances of Diabetes. Weight loss pills can be taken which can lower the fats accumulation on the body. There are various companies which offer various types of weight loss pill but most of the doctors suggest that the individuals should not take the pills without making investigation. The physicians usually prescribed the patient a complete diet plan which helps the person a lot if the person routinely follows the plan. One of the interesting facts is that the weight loss aims can only be achieved when the person is in the phase of the negative energy balance. The other intentional ways for losing the weight include the aerobic work outs and also the various other exercises.

Quick Weight Loss Plan

Quick weight loss can be followed to quickly loss the weight just in a couple of days but these plans are not advantageous because the person again gets the weight as soon as he leaves the plan. This shows that the complete and the gradual treatment are better than the Fast weight loss. Moreover, if the customer also wants very quick treatment without having the fear of regaining it, he can also go for the weight loss surgery. There are a number of such surgeries successfully carrying out in most of the health clinics.
If you’re trying to drop a few pounds, don’t start off by trying to overhaul all your eating and exercise habits. You’re better off finding several simple things you can do on a daily basis—along with following the cardinal rules of eating more vegetables and less fat and getting more physical activity. Together, they should send the scale numbers in the right direction: down.

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PAKISTAN ARMY

PAKISTAN ARMY

Pakistan Army (Urdu: پاک فوج Pak Fauj (IPA: Pɑkʰ fɒ~ɔd͡ʒ); reporting name: PA) is the uniform service branch of the Pakistan Armed Forces responsible for land-based military operations. The Pakistan Army came into existence after the independence of Pakistan in 1947. The Pakistan Army is a volunteer professional fighting force.According to the International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) it has an active force of 725,000 personnel in April 2013.The Constitution of Pakistan contains a provision for conscription, but it has never been imposed.

The primary mandate and mission of the army is to "dedicated to the service of the nation."[4] Since establishment in 1947, the army (along with its inter–services: Navy, Marines and PAF) has been involved in four wars with neighboring India and several border skirmishes with Afghanistan. Since 1947, it has maintain strong presence, along with its inter-services, in the influential the Arab states during the past Arab-Israeli Wars, and aided the coalition in the first Gulf War. Recently, major joint-operations undertaken by the army include Operation Black Thunderstorm and Operation Rah-e-Nijat. Apart from conflicts, the army has been an active participant in UN missions and played a major role in rescuing trapped American soldiers from Mogadishu of Somalia in 1993 in Operation Gothic Serpent.

Under the Article 243, the Constitution of Pakistan appoints the President of Pakistan as the civilian Commander-in-Chief. The Chief of Army Staff (COAS), by statute a four-star general, is appointed by the President with the consultation and confirmation needed from the Prime Minister of Pakistan.The Chief of Army Staff is subordinate to the civilian Defence Minister and Secretary of Defence, and commands the army. Although it is currently commanded by General Ashfaq Parvez Kayani, the highest ranking army officer in the army is the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee General Khalid Shameem Wynne.

THE MILITARY HISTORY OF PAKISTAN

The military history of Pakistan encompasses an immense panorama of conflicts and struggles extending for more than 2,000 years across areas constituting modern Pakistan, and the greater Indian subcontinent. The history of the modern-day military of Pakistan begins from post-1947, after Pakistan was created as a modern nation-state.

The military holds a significant place in the history of Pakistan, as the Pakistani Armed Forces have played, and still continue to play, a vital role in the Pakistani establishment and shaping of the country since its inception. Although Pakistan was founded as a democracy after its independence from the British Raj, the military has remained one of the country's most powerful institutions and has on occasion overthrown democratically elected civilian governments on the basis of mismanagement and corruption. Successive governments have made sure that the military was consulted before they took key decisions, especially when those decisions related to the Kashmir conflict and foreign policy. Political leaders of Pakistan's developing democracy know that the military has stepped into the political arena before at times of crisis through Coup d'état to establish military dictatorships, and could do so again.

The military was created in 1947 by division of the British Indian Army and was given units who had a long and cherished history during the British Raj such as the Khyber Rifles, and had seen intensive service in World War I and World War II. Many of the early leaders of the military had fought in both world wars.

The military draws on inspiration from the rich combat history that has occurred within the area of modern day Pakistani soil and uses example of sacrifice and perseverance to embolden troops, and has named medals of valor, nickname for combat divisions, and indigenous weapons; Such as the short-range ballistic missiles Ghaznavi, which is named in honour of Mahmud of Ghazna who founded the Ghaznavid Empire, and ruled from 997 to 1030.

Since the time of independence, the military has fought three major wars with India. It has also fought a limited conflict at Kargil with India after acquiring nuclear capabilities. In addition, there have been several minor border skirmishes with neighbouring Afghanistan. After the September 11 attacks, the military is engaged in a protracted low intensity conflict along Pakistan's western border with Afghanistan, with the Taliban and Al-Qaeda militants, as well as those who support or provide shelter to them.

In addition, Pakistani troops have also participated in various foreign conflicts usually acting as United Nations peacekeepers. At present, Pakistan has the largest number of its personnel acting under the United Nations with the number standing at 10,173 as of 31 March 2007.

WAR OF 1947

Pakistan had its first taste of war almost immediately in the First Kashmir War where it sent its forces into Kashmir. Kashmir, had a Muslim majority population, but the choice of which country to join was given to the Maharaja Hari Singh of Kashmir he was not able to decided whether to join India or Pakistan. The newly created Pakistani Army was then sent in disguise to start a Muslim revolt along with Muslim troops from the Jammu and Kashmir State Forces. By late October, the overthrow of the maharaja seemed imminent. He sought military assistance from India, for which he sign an instrument of accession with India.[14] The Army was pushed back by the Indians but not before occupying the northwestern part of Kashmir (roughly 40% of Kashmir), which Pakistan still controls, the rest remaining under Indian control except for the portion ceded by Pakistan to China.

The WAR of 1971

The first democratic elections in Pakistan were held in 1970 with the Awami League winning with a substantial majority. However Yahya Khan banned the Awami League and declared martial law after talks on sharing power failed. Bhutto was famously heard saying "break the legs" if any member of [People's Party] attend the inaugural session at the National Assembly. Fearing on capitalization on West Pakistan, West-Pakistanis fears of East Pakistani separatist, and Bhutto demanded to form a coalition with Mujib. Both Mujib and Bhutto were agreed upon the coalition government, with Bhutto as President and Mujib as Prime minister. The Military government and General Yahya Khan was kept unaware of such of these developments. Both Bhutto and Mujib continued a political pressure on Khan's military government. Pressured by his own military government, General Yahya Khan postponed the inaugural session, and ordered to arrest Mujib and put Bhutto on house arrest. Military Police subsequently arrested Bhutto and put him on house arrest, and Mujib was sent to military court where his case was headed by Judge Advocate General Branch's Brigadier-General Rahimuddin Khan.

Faced with popular unrest and revolt in East-Pakistan, the Army and Navy clamped down through violence. The Military government of General Yahya Khan ordered Rear-Admiral Mohammad Shariff, Commander of Eastern Naval Command of the Pakistan Navy, and Lieutenant-General Amir Abdullah Khan Nazi, Commander of the Eastern Military Command of Pakistan Army, to curb and liberate East Pakistan from the resistance. The navy and army crackdown and brutalities during the Operation Searchlight and Operation Barisal and the continued killings throughout the later months resulted in further resentment among the East Pakistanis of East Pakistan. With India assisting and funding the Mukti Bahini, war broke out between the separatist supporters in Bangladesh and Pakistan (Indo-Pakistani War of 1971). During the conflict, the coordination between the armed forces of Pakistan were ineffective and unsupported. On major decision, the army, navy, marines and air force were not taken on confidence. Each forces had led their own independent operations without notifying or taking on confidence the higher command.

The result was the Pakistan Armed Forces's surrender to the Indian forces upon which 93,000 Pakistan Armed Forces officials and 93,000 soldiers and officers became POWs, the largest since World War II. The official war between India and Pakistan ended in just a fortnight on December 16, 1971, with Pakistan losing East Pakistan, which became Bangladesh. The official Bangladesh Government claim puts the number of Bengali civilian fatalities at 3 million.

Recovery FROM 1971 WAR

The Military government was collapsed as a result of the war, and the control of the country was handed over to the Zulfikar Ali Bhutto. Bhutto became country's first Chief Martial Law Administrator as well as first Commander-in-Chief of Pakistan Armed Forces. As becoming the leader of his country in January 1972, Bhutto made his move and started the nuclear deterrence programme under Munir Ahmad Khan and his adviser Abdus Salam. In July 1972, Bhutto proceeded the Shimla Agreement with Indira Gandhi of India, and brought back 93,000 Pakistan Armed Forces personnel and recognized East-Pakistan as Bangladesh.

As part of re-organizing the country, Bhutto first disbanded the "Commander-in-Chief" title in the Pakistan Armed Forces. He also decommissioned the Pakistan Marines as a unit of Pakistan Navy. Instead, Chiefs of Staff were appointed in the three branches and Bhutto appointed all 4 star officers as the Chief of Staff in the Pakistan Armed Forces. General Tikka Khan, infamous for his role in Bangladesh Liberation War, become the first Chief of Army Staff of Pakistan Army; Admiral Mohammad Shariff, as first 4-star admiral in the navy and as the first Chief of Naval Staff of Pakistan Navy; and, Air Chief Marshal (General) Zulfiqar Ali Khan, as first 4-star air force general, and the first Chief of Air Staff of Pakistan Air Force. Because the coordination between the armed forces were unsupported and ineffective, in 1976, Bhutto also created the office of Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee for maintaining the coordination between the armed forces. General Muhammad Shariff, a 4-star general, was made its first Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee.

Pakistan's defense spending rose by 200% during the Bhutto's democratic era but the military balance between India-Pakistan, which was at a rough parity during the 1960s was growing decisively in India's favor. Under Bhutto, the education system, foreign policy, and science policy was rapidly changed. Under Bhutto's government, the funding of science was exponentially increased; Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission's and Kahuta Research Laboratories's classified projects were launched under Bhutto. Bhutto also funded the classified military science and engineering projects, entrusted and led by Lieutenant-General Zahid Ali Akbar of the Pakistan Army Corps of Engineers.

The United States once again became a major source for military hardware following the lifting of the arms embargo in 1975 but by then Pakistan had become heavily dependent on China as an arms supplier. Heavy spending on defense re-energized the Army, which had sunk to its lowest morale following the debacle of the 1971 war. The high defense expenditure took money from other development projects such as education, health care and housing.

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EDUCATION

EDUCATION

The process of learning the skills that can give you benefit and can give you the unique set of characteristics is known as education. The Education cannot be limited to the study of science or arts only but in fact education is the process of learning the various set of behaviors, the various set of skills and the various aspects of life. It is very difficult to define the term “education” properly because it is an intangible concept. There are various indirect links of education or in other words this process can lead to some other processes as well like wisdom, intelligence, and the knowledge development.

Importance Of Education

In each individual in the universe there are some of the inner hidden characteristics which can lead man to the heights of sky. The only thing required to get this aim is to expose your inner talent by searching yourself. An individual is like gold which is nothing without molding. As mentioned above the term education is not limited to a specific field but it is general term alternative to education.

Stages Of Education

There are various ways through which a person gets the knowledge like early childhood education, which is also known as schooling. In this skills development program at the age of four or five years a small child is given the learning related to various subjects step by step and then the child is also trained about the religion from which he or she belongs. The moral values of the child are also shaped at each step of schooling. After this the late childhood development comes which is also a part of schooling. Finally there is adult education in which the complete set of subjects is taught to shape the character of the person and also to increase the thinking of the person. At this level the person gets able to understand what is right and what is wrong and is more motivated towards the career building. Sex education is on the other hand is the information and the guidelines that are given to the individuals to improve their sexual lives. In fact every individual wants to live a contended life and it is not possible unless the sexual life is not fully satisfied. Previously people were unaware of the importance of the sexual education but today they are more aware and conscious of its importance.

Facts About Education

To increase the spread of knowledge in the society the education grants are given to the people who are usually unable to afford it. There are various developed economies which are giving these grants to the under developed countries like Japanese need based scholarships are provided to most of the cities in Asia. Education loans are given at the higher level when an individual is mature enough to build his career and need loans for the completion of studies. He is responsible to pay back the loans after completing his education. The loans are given by various institutions like banks, and the institutes themselves. All of these acts as the drivers of education, as these factors directly promote the spread of knowledge. Another major driver of education is the online education, in which you are given the direct access to get the knowledge over the Internet, which is one of the fastest media nowadays. There are various units which are although dealing with the professional services but with their own department of education. Like some of the hospitals also provide the education of medical and some business companies also provide the business education programs. The landmark of education is the development of the individual not only at mental level but also reshapes his or her personality.

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INFLATION

Definition of 'Inflation'

The rate at which the general level of prices for goods and services is rising, and, subsequently, purchasing power is falling. Central banks attempt to stop severe inflation, along with severe deflation, in an attempt to keep the excessive growth of prices to a minimum.

In economics, inflation is a rise in the general level of prices of goods and services in an economy over a period of time.[1] When the general price level rises, each unit of currency buys fewer goods and services. Consequently, inflation reflects a reduction in the purchasing power per unit of money – a loss of real value in the medium of exchange and unit of account within the economy.[2][3] A chief measure of price inflation is the inflation rate, the annualized percentage change in a general price index (normally the consumer price index) over time.[4]

Inflation's effects on an economy are various and can be simultaneously positive and negative. Negative effects of inflation include an increase in the opportunity cost of holding money, uncertainty over future inflation which may discourage investment and savings, and if inflation is rapid enough, shortages of goods as consumers begin hoarding out of concern that prices will increase in the future. Positive effects include ensuring that central banks can adjust real interest rates (intended to mitigate recessions),[5] and encouraging investment in non-monetary capital projects.

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Essay Writting

Below are brief summaries of each of the ten steps to writing an essay.How To Write an Essay can be viewed sequentially, as if going through ten sequential steps in an essay writing process, or can be explored by individual topic.

1. Research: 

Begin the essay writing process by researching your topic, making yourself an expert. Utilize the internet, the academic databases, and the library. Take notes and immerse yourself in the words of great thinkers.

2. Analysis:

Now that you have a good knowledge base, start analyzing the arguments of the essays you're reading. Clearly define the claims, write out the reasons, the evidence. Look for weaknesses of logic, and also strengths. Learning how to write an essay begins by learning how to analyze essays written by others.

3. Brainstorming:

Your essay will require insight of your own, genuine essay-writing brilliance. Ask yourself a dozen questions and answer them. Meditate with a pen in your hand. Take walks and think and think until you come up with original insights to write about.

4. Thesis: 

Pick your best idea and pin it down in a clear assertion that you can write your entire essay around. Your thesis is your main point, summed up in a concise sentence that lets the reader know where you're going, and why. It's practically impossible to write a good essay without a clear thesis.

5. Outline: 

Sketch out your essay before straightway writing it out. Use one-line sentences to describe paragraphs, and bullet points to describe what each paragraph will contain. Play with the essay's order. Map out the structure of your argument, and make sure each paragraph is unified.

6. Introduction:

Now sit down and write the essay. The introduction should grab the reader's attention, set up the issue, and lead in to your thesis. Your intro is merely a buildup of the issue, a stage of bringing your reader into the essay's argument.

(Note: The title and first paragraph are probably the most important elements in your essay. This is an essay-writing point that doesn't always sink in within the context of the classroom. In the first paragraph you either hook the reader's interest or lose it. Of course your teacher, who's getting paid to teach you how to write an essay, will read the essay you've written regardless, but in the real world, readers make up their minds about whether or not to read your essay by glancing at the title alone.)

7. Paragraphs:

Each individual paragraph should be focused on a single idea that supports your thesis. Begin paragraphs with topic sentences, support assertions with evidence, and expound your ideas in the clearest, most sensible way you can. Speak to your reader as if he or she were sitting in front of you. In other words, instead of writing the essay, try talking the essay.

8. Conclusion: Gracefully exit your essay by making a quick wrap-up sentence, and then end on some memorable thought, perhaps a quotation, or an interesting twist of logic, or some call to action. Is there something you want the reader to walk away and do? Let him or her know exactly what.

9. MLA Style:

Format your essay according to the correct guidelines for citation. All borrowed ideas and quotations should be correctly cited in the body of your text, followed up with a Works Cited (references) page listing the details of your sources.

10. Language: 

You're not done writing your essay until you've polished your language by correcting the grammar, making sentences flow, incoporating rhythm, emphasis, adjusting the formality, giving it a level-headed tone, and making other intuitive edits. Proofread until it reads just how you want it to sound. Writing an essay can be tedious, but you don't want to bungle the hours of conceptual work you've put into writing your essay by leaving a few slippy misppallings and pourly wordedd phrazies..

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Black Magic,Witch Craft, Demonic Possession, Quranic Treatment, Exorcism

Blackmagic, Spells, Witchcraft:

Black magic is mainly done by tying knots with victim's name and what they want done to that person such as to control his/her mind, make the person ill etc. Allah pointed out about this in Surah Falaq: "And from the evil of those who blow on knots.."
First and foremost it ought to be determined whether it is in fact black magic, witchcraft or sihr that the individual is affected by, or nazar, ‘ein’, evil eye
or ‘mas-h’ (possession of a jinn). The treatment for nazar, ‘ein’ is a little different, but the treatment for spells, blackmagic ‘sihr’ and ‘mas-h’ are pretty much the same.
To determine whether the person is affected by blackmagic or sihr, a series of specific questions need to be asked with regards to the person’s behavior,
feelings, emotions and even dreams he/she may be having.
In the case of black magic, then there are several ways one could have become the victim of this. Firstly, he/she may have eaten or drank something
which was poisoned by black magic. In this case the black magic either has an affect on the stomach or the brain. Secondly, the person to whom the black magic (sihr) was aimed, may have walked over some litter/rubbish that had the spell of black magic cursed over it. And thirdly, the spell of black magic could have been cast over a piece of clothing belonging to the victim or on a strand of the victim’s hair.
When black magic is done on something like hair or an object, then this hair or object needs to be found and destroyed. However, when black magic takes
place through food or drink, then a jinn enters the person at the same time and stays within the body, until someone gets rid of him. The jinn normally lives in the body for years and years and gets accustomed to it. The longer he is in there, the more difficult it is to get rid of him.

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Global Warming

Global warming is the greatest challenge facing our planet. It is, in fact, the increase in the temperature of the earth’s neon- surface air. It is one of the most current and widely discussed factors. It has far-reaching impact on biodiversity and climatic conditions of the planet. Several current trends clearly demonstrate that global warming is directly impacting on rising sea levels, the melting of ice caps and significant worldwide
climate changes. In short, global warming represents a fundamental threat to all living things on earth.


Global average temperature rose significantly during the past century. The prevailing scientific view is that most of the temperature increases since mid-20th century has been caused by increases in atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations produced by human activity. Most scientists agree that planet’s temperature has risen 0.5 degree Celsius since 1900 and will continue to increase at an increasing rate. As a result, the world is getting warmer. The year 1990 was the hottest year in the last century.

Together with 1991, the years of 1983, 1987, 1988 and 1989 have been measured to be the warmest six years in the last hundred years. The year 1991 was the second warmest year of the past century. The consequences of the rise in temperature is being felt all over the globe the findings of scientific research done in this field reveal that the temperature of the earth is likely to rise from 1.4°C to 5.8°C within a period of 100 years.

Unfortunately, the imbalance which we have created between our life and earth is already showing the signs disasters in the form of flood, cyclones, landslides, tsunami, drought, etc. If the imbalance continues to rise, one day this will pose a question mark on the existence of this planet. Carbon dioxide (C02) which is an important constituent of environment is causing a warming effect on the earth’s surface.

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The causes of noise pollution

The causes of noise pollution:

Noise and pollution, and man was created noise harmful to health or welfare. Transport vehicles are the worst offenders, with aircraft, rail, trucks, buses, cars and motorcycles for producing excessive noise. Construction equipment, for example, breaker and bulldozers, also produce substantial noise pollution.

There are some of the main causes and there dreadful effect of the noise such as: The aircraft flying at low altitude above the height of national parks, wilderness areas and other areas of vacant, the greater the noise level effects the people. And similarly the Traffic noise is the main source of noise pollution in urban areas. With the increasing number of vehicles on the road, and cause noise exhaust fumes from cars and trucks, buses and motorcycles is the main reason for the noise. So this type of noise affects the health of the people and also cause some sort of diseases and people become ill.

People living next to railway stations to put up with a lot of noise from locomotive engines, horns and whistles and switch management operating in the rail yards. This is the main source of noise pollution. And To meet the needs of the basic necessities of life, and build highways, buildings and streets in the city is making a lot of noise. Breaker, compressors, bulldozers, loaders, dump trucks and paving breakers are the main sources of noise pollution at construction sites. These al type of noise leave bad effects on ear drum of humans and some time it also affects birds. Due to this noise people become sleepless. And face many more trouble full life.

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