Sunday, 29 June 2014
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Monday, 9 June 2014
Free Video Downloader
Free Video Downloader adds a tiny shortcut button to your IE toolbar. When you visit YouTube, simply click the button and the video immediately starts to download. A pop-up window appears, showing the status of the video being downloaded. The window floats on top of whatever page you're browsing, but it can be quickly minimized. Each video downloaded fairly quickly; however, we were annoyed by the pop-up Web page that appeared after each video download promoting another product. A folder is added to My Documents and videos are automatically downloaded to it. The status window offers a button that is supposed to open the directory containing the downloaded videos, but some Vista testers received an error message when clicking it. When it works, another window opens pointing to the new folder created by the program. Aside from two other buttons to cancel or reload a download, there are no user options or settings. As the name indicates, the program only works with YouTube videos, and it downloads only in flv file format.Sunday, 1 June 2014
A short history of Taxation
Beards, boots, beehives, candles, nuts, hats, horses, chimneys, water
– Tsar Peter taxed them all. But he is still styled ‘The Great’ in
modern histories of Russia, perhaps because of the mighty works his
taxes produced. This is the eternal fate of taxation: to be the abused
or abusive means towards noble or ignoble ends, never quite able to
escape its association with extortion and war.
In the beginning-history of TAXATION
The word ‘tax’ first appeared in the English language only in the 14th century. It derives from the Latin taxare which means ‘to assess’. Before that, English used the related word ‘task’, derived from Old French. For a while, ‘task’ and ‘tax’ were both in common use, the first requiring labour, the second money. ‘Tax’ then developed its meaning to imply something wearisome or challenging. So words like ‘duty’ were used to suggest a more appealing purpose. Political spin has just as long a history as taxation, and neither has been detained unduly by the meaning of words.
The written record-history of TAXATION
China has one of the longest of all written records, and we know that taxes were levied here some 3,000 years ago as the Empire was being established. Powers (usually military) that were able to impose taxes created the first bureaucracies to collect and administer them. Under the Egyptian Pharaohs ‘scribes’ were charged with raising funds in any way practicable, including a tax on household cooking oil. Regular audits were conducted to ensure that oil was not recycled – perhaps the first historical record of ‘avoidance’. The ‘Book of Genesis’ in The Bible suggests that a fifth of all crops should be given to the Pharaoh. The city states of Ancient Greece imposed eishpora to pay for wars, which were numerous; but once a war was over any surplus had to be refunded. Athens imposed a monthly poll tax on foreigners. Imperial Rome used tribute extracted from colonized peoples to multiply the bounty of empire. Julius Caesar imposed a one-per-cent sales tax; Augustus instituted an inheritance tax to provide retirement funds for the military. However, human bondage remained the most lucrative form of tribute for both Greece and Rome.
The price of faith
With the decline of Rome in Europe, ‘spiritual’ and ‘temporal’ powers were not always easy to distinguish. Religious institutions rivalled – and sometimes surpassed – political ones in their material power. To secure this, they imposed forms of taxation. For Christians it was a ‘tithe’, or a tenth of what the faithful produced, usually paid to the Church in kind. Tithe barns for the receipt and storage of such payments were lesser in size only to churches in villages and towns. The expansion of Islam was accompanied by the ‘Islamic Tax’, the khums, or ‘one twentieth’ – more modest by half than the tithe. There are direct references to it in the Qu’ran, which requires its use for specified purposes, such as the relief of the poor. In India, Islamic rulers imposed a tax called jizya in the 11th century. In Latin America the Aztec, Olmec, Maya and Inca cultures all seem to have raised forms of taxation, usually in association with ritual observance. Both Hindus and Buddhists sustained their temples and monasteries with contributions of time, skill and resources from the faithful.
Doomsday
Land was the basic commodity of feudal Europe and service (military or labour) its currency. Aspiring monarchs had little access to revenues in cash, though ‘scutage’ was sometimes accepted in lieu of military service. Then the Vikings, sailing from Scandinavia, started demanding protection money. In 845 they extorted six tons of silver in return for not sacking Paris; in 994 a similar amount from London. Though the Viking threat subsided, ‘Dangeld’ (restyled ‘carucage’ in England) was still collected by rulers. After the invasion of England in 1066 by the Normans (themselves descended from Vikings), William the Conqueror commissioned the Doomsday Book, a land survey to assess his new kingdom’s tax potential.
Imperial measures
More modern systems of taxation followed the expansion of imperial Europe, together with towns and cities, where tribute in kind was less useful – cash was the currency here. The monarchies of Spain and Portugal, however, still transposed feudal structures, and an obsession with gold – which was portable – to their occupation of Latin America. Others followed the example of the city states of Italy, particularly Venice, which had grown rich on trade with the East; taxes on trade were relatively easy to raise. France, the Netherlands and Britain in particular began to establish commercial outposts, and then military control, across Africa and Asia. Traditions of tribute through human bondage revived, however, with the triangular slave trade between Africa, Europe and the Americas. In Britain, a disagreement on the rights of taxation between Parliament and King Charles I in 1629 led to civil war.
Nation states
Resentment of tax fuelled the French Revolution between 1789 and 1799. Thereafter, Napoleon centralized the tax system and employed private collectors who could keep a proportion of their takings. Revolt against taxation – levied from imperial Britain – also fuelled the formation of the United States, though an independent Congress soon enacted the Federal Property Tax in 1798. By now, no aspiring nation, in Europe or elsewhere, could dispense with the machinery of a state or the taxes to pay for it. At the same time, the principle of ‘no taxation without representation’ was becoming more firmly established – though representation was still largely limited to the wealthy.
Promises, promises
As the power of monarchies declined and of industrial capitalism increased, a new settlement was required. This was pioneered in Britain. Income tax was first imposed on personal wealth in Britain in 1798, to pay for the wars with Napoleon. It was billed as a ‘temporary’ measure, renewable annually by Parliament – and has remained so ever since (it still expires on 5 April every year). A year after the Battle of Waterloo in 1815 it was repealed. In the general election of 1841 Sir Robert Peel opposed income tax, but once elected he reimposed it, reducing customs duties at the same time. Tax ‘commissioners’ (who came from the landed gentry) were transformed into the Board of Inland Revenue in 1849 to produce an efficient bureaucracy. In the general election of 1871, both Gladstone and Disraeli opposed income tax. Disraeli won, but the tax stayed. In 1908, Lloyd George as Chancellor introduced non-contributory old-age pensions, and – in the ‘People’s Budget’ of 1909 – plans for a super-tax on the rich. The rejection of this by the House of Lords led to the 1911 Parliament Act which removed the Lords’ power of veto. As taxation increased, so the right to vote and the principle of democratic consent were extended, culminating in universal adult suffrage.
Taxes to beat the Axis
At the start of World War One in 1914, the standard rate of income tax in Britian was 6 per cent; by the end of the war in 1918 it was 30 per cent. An Excess Profits Tax was levied on companies benefiting from war production. The total tax ‘take’ was 17 times higher than it had been in 1905. This continued after the war, when government was expected to provide homes and public services in ‘a land fit for heroes’. Government borrowing soared. In the US, the ‘New Deal’ in response to mass unemployment during the Great Depression of the 1930s relied heavily on the Federal Government’s ability to borrow against future tax revenues. It was only after Pearl Harbor, and the US entry into World War Two, that the Revenue Act of 1942 subjected millions of new taxpayers to income tax and gave rise to a whole new taxpaying culture. The Federal Government launched an all-out campaign to market the changes, including Disney animated shorts featuring Donald Duck touting the importance of ‘taxes to beat the Axis!’ Asked in February 1944 whether they considered the amount of income tax they paid to be ‘fair’, 90 per cent answered ‘yes’.
Cold war
Great expectations also followed World War Two. Worldwide liberation movements made ‘nation building’ (and the state machinery to go with it) an urgent priority for newly independent states in Africa and Asia. However, the Cold War between the ‘West’ and the Soviet Union ensured that vast military machines continued to operate at public expense, and ‘defence’ loomed large in the finances of the new states right from the outset. Meanwhile, demand for public services gave rise to such things as the National Health Service in Britain and new forms of taxation to pay for them. Scandinavia led the way as the proportion of national wealth devoted to public expenditure and services rose towards a half. The use of taxation to redistribute wealth and even out the inequalities of capitalism in the West became an ideological weapon in the Cold War.
Global consensus
As the Cold War came to an end, triumphant free-market orthodoxy demanded ‘small’ government, privatization and cuts in taxes on the wealth of private individuals and corporations. Corporate globalization was, in any event, making it more difficult for nation states to exercise control (or collect taxes), rather than compete with each other to offer the most favourable rates. In Russia, the tax rap became a nationalist tool against oligarchs and foreign businesses. Everywhere, the ‘neoliberal’ process has continued, but its outcome is increasingly uncertain. Public expenditure as a proportion of national wealth has not fallen in rich countries. Private or corporate wealth still relies on governments to provide (or, more often, finance) a vast range of services – including ‘bail-outs’ when free-market orthodoxy turns out to be flawed, as in the recent ‘credit crunch’. Military expenditures have still not been reduced significantly. In poor countries, revenues for desperately needed public services remain minimal. A ‘global consensus’ agrees, as the saying goes, that ‘only the little people pay tax’.
The word ‘tax’ first appeared in the English language only in the 14th century. It derives from the Latin taxare which means ‘to assess’. Before that, English used the related word ‘task’, derived from Old French. For a while, ‘task’ and ‘tax’ were both in common use, the first requiring labour, the second money. ‘Tax’ then developed its meaning to imply something wearisome or challenging. So words like ‘duty’ were used to suggest a more appealing purpose. Political spin has just as long a history as taxation, and neither has been detained unduly by the meaning of words.
The written record-history of TAXATION
China has one of the longest of all written records, and we know that taxes were levied here some 3,000 years ago as the Empire was being established. Powers (usually military) that were able to impose taxes created the first bureaucracies to collect and administer them. Under the Egyptian Pharaohs ‘scribes’ were charged with raising funds in any way practicable, including a tax on household cooking oil. Regular audits were conducted to ensure that oil was not recycled – perhaps the first historical record of ‘avoidance’. The ‘Book of Genesis’ in The Bible suggests that a fifth of all crops should be given to the Pharaoh. The city states of Ancient Greece imposed eishpora to pay for wars, which were numerous; but once a war was over any surplus had to be refunded. Athens imposed a monthly poll tax on foreigners. Imperial Rome used tribute extracted from colonized peoples to multiply the bounty of empire. Julius Caesar imposed a one-per-cent sales tax; Augustus instituted an inheritance tax to provide retirement funds for the military. However, human bondage remained the most lucrative form of tribute for both Greece and Rome.
The price of faith
With the decline of Rome in Europe, ‘spiritual’ and ‘temporal’ powers were not always easy to distinguish. Religious institutions rivalled – and sometimes surpassed – political ones in their material power. To secure this, they imposed forms of taxation. For Christians it was a ‘tithe’, or a tenth of what the faithful produced, usually paid to the Church in kind. Tithe barns for the receipt and storage of such payments were lesser in size only to churches in villages and towns. The expansion of Islam was accompanied by the ‘Islamic Tax’, the khums, or ‘one twentieth’ – more modest by half than the tithe. There are direct references to it in the Qu’ran, which requires its use for specified purposes, such as the relief of the poor. In India, Islamic rulers imposed a tax called jizya in the 11th century. In Latin America the Aztec, Olmec, Maya and Inca cultures all seem to have raised forms of taxation, usually in association with ritual observance. Both Hindus and Buddhists sustained their temples and monasteries with contributions of time, skill and resources from the faithful.
Doomsday
Land was the basic commodity of feudal Europe and service (military or labour) its currency. Aspiring monarchs had little access to revenues in cash, though ‘scutage’ was sometimes accepted in lieu of military service. Then the Vikings, sailing from Scandinavia, started demanding protection money. In 845 they extorted six tons of silver in return for not sacking Paris; in 994 a similar amount from London. Though the Viking threat subsided, ‘Dangeld’ (restyled ‘carucage’ in England) was still collected by rulers. After the invasion of England in 1066 by the Normans (themselves descended from Vikings), William the Conqueror commissioned the Doomsday Book, a land survey to assess his new kingdom’s tax potential.
Imperial measures
More modern systems of taxation followed the expansion of imperial Europe, together with towns and cities, where tribute in kind was less useful – cash was the currency here. The monarchies of Spain and Portugal, however, still transposed feudal structures, and an obsession with gold – which was portable – to their occupation of Latin America. Others followed the example of the city states of Italy, particularly Venice, which had grown rich on trade with the East; taxes on trade were relatively easy to raise. France, the Netherlands and Britain in particular began to establish commercial outposts, and then military control, across Africa and Asia. Traditions of tribute through human bondage revived, however, with the triangular slave trade between Africa, Europe and the Americas. In Britain, a disagreement on the rights of taxation between Parliament and King Charles I in 1629 led to civil war.
Nation states
Resentment of tax fuelled the French Revolution between 1789 and 1799. Thereafter, Napoleon centralized the tax system and employed private collectors who could keep a proportion of their takings. Revolt against taxation – levied from imperial Britain – also fuelled the formation of the United States, though an independent Congress soon enacted the Federal Property Tax in 1798. By now, no aspiring nation, in Europe or elsewhere, could dispense with the machinery of a state or the taxes to pay for it. At the same time, the principle of ‘no taxation without representation’ was becoming more firmly established – though representation was still largely limited to the wealthy.
Promises, promises
As the power of monarchies declined and of industrial capitalism increased, a new settlement was required. This was pioneered in Britain. Income tax was first imposed on personal wealth in Britain in 1798, to pay for the wars with Napoleon. It was billed as a ‘temporary’ measure, renewable annually by Parliament – and has remained so ever since (it still expires on 5 April every year). A year after the Battle of Waterloo in 1815 it was repealed. In the general election of 1841 Sir Robert Peel opposed income tax, but once elected he reimposed it, reducing customs duties at the same time. Tax ‘commissioners’ (who came from the landed gentry) were transformed into the Board of Inland Revenue in 1849 to produce an efficient bureaucracy. In the general election of 1871, both Gladstone and Disraeli opposed income tax. Disraeli won, but the tax stayed. In 1908, Lloyd George as Chancellor introduced non-contributory old-age pensions, and – in the ‘People’s Budget’ of 1909 – plans for a super-tax on the rich. The rejection of this by the House of Lords led to the 1911 Parliament Act which removed the Lords’ power of veto. As taxation increased, so the right to vote and the principle of democratic consent were extended, culminating in universal adult suffrage.
Taxes to beat the Axis
At the start of World War One in 1914, the standard rate of income tax in Britian was 6 per cent; by the end of the war in 1918 it was 30 per cent. An Excess Profits Tax was levied on companies benefiting from war production. The total tax ‘take’ was 17 times higher than it had been in 1905. This continued after the war, when government was expected to provide homes and public services in ‘a land fit for heroes’. Government borrowing soared. In the US, the ‘New Deal’ in response to mass unemployment during the Great Depression of the 1930s relied heavily on the Federal Government’s ability to borrow against future tax revenues. It was only after Pearl Harbor, and the US entry into World War Two, that the Revenue Act of 1942 subjected millions of new taxpayers to income tax and gave rise to a whole new taxpaying culture. The Federal Government launched an all-out campaign to market the changes, including Disney animated shorts featuring Donald Duck touting the importance of ‘taxes to beat the Axis!’ Asked in February 1944 whether they considered the amount of income tax they paid to be ‘fair’, 90 per cent answered ‘yes’.
Cold war
Great expectations also followed World War Two. Worldwide liberation movements made ‘nation building’ (and the state machinery to go with it) an urgent priority for newly independent states in Africa and Asia. However, the Cold War between the ‘West’ and the Soviet Union ensured that vast military machines continued to operate at public expense, and ‘defence’ loomed large in the finances of the new states right from the outset. Meanwhile, demand for public services gave rise to such things as the National Health Service in Britain and new forms of taxation to pay for them. Scandinavia led the way as the proportion of national wealth devoted to public expenditure and services rose towards a half. The use of taxation to redistribute wealth and even out the inequalities of capitalism in the West became an ideological weapon in the Cold War.
Global consensus
As the Cold War came to an end, triumphant free-market orthodoxy demanded ‘small’ government, privatization and cuts in taxes on the wealth of private individuals and corporations. Corporate globalization was, in any event, making it more difficult for nation states to exercise control (or collect taxes), rather than compete with each other to offer the most favourable rates. In Russia, the tax rap became a nationalist tool against oligarchs and foreign businesses. Everywhere, the ‘neoliberal’ process has continued, but its outcome is increasingly uncertain. Public expenditure as a proportion of national wealth has not fallen in rich countries. Private or corporate wealth still relies on governments to provide (or, more often, finance) a vast range of services – including ‘bail-outs’ when free-market orthodoxy turns out to be flawed, as in the recent ‘credit crunch’. Military expenditures have still not been reduced significantly. In poor countries, revenues for desperately needed public services remain minimal. A ‘global consensus’ agrees, as the saying goes, that ‘only the little people pay tax’.
Saturday, 31 May 2014
What is Accounting
Accounting is an information science used to collect, classify, and manipulate financial data for organizations and individuals.Accounting is instrumental within organizations as a means of determining financial stability. Accountants are responsible for determining an organization’s overall wealth, profitability, and liquidity. Without accounting, organizations would have no basis or foundation upon which daily and long-term decisions could be made. The budgets for marketing activities, profit reinvestment, research and development, and company growth all stem from the work of accountants. Accounting is one of the oldest and most respected professions in the world, and accountants can be found in every industry from entertainment to medicine.
In double entry bookkeeping system of accounting all the accounts can be classified either as :
a) Personal,
b) Real or
c) Nominal
Three golden rules guide the principle of debit or credit, as per the nature of the account, of the impugned transaction.
These three rules are:
1.In case of personal accounts:
Debit The receive
Creditthe giver
2. In case of real accounts
Debit what comes in
Credit what goes out
3. In case of personal accounts nominal a/c
Debit all expenditure and losses
Credit all the income and gains
The beauty of the above three rules is: they complement each other.
For example: if, in a transaction where one part involves a Real account and the other part is a personal or a nominal account still all these rules hold good. Hence in themselves they can govern any kind of accounting entry.
As the business environment is becoming more complex, more and more complex transactions are coming into the public domain. ERP packages like SAP have brought about new paradigms into the domain of accounting with their concept of dummy accounts etc.
However, pertinent to say, all those will still have to fall within the four-walls (or are there six?) of these three rules.
Tuesday, 13 May 2014
What is Human Resource Management
Human resource management is the utilization of individuals to achieve
organization objectives.
What are The Human Resource Management Functions:
people who are engaged in the management of human resource develop and
work through an integrated HRM system.these are five functions:
(1)Staffing: (Human Resource Management)
Staffing is the process through which an organization ensure that it always has
the proper number of employees with the appropriate skills in the right
jobs,at the right time,to achieve organization objectives.
staffing involves job analysis,human resource planning,recruitment,and
selection
2) Human resource development HRD: (Human Resource Management)
HRM is a major function consisting not only of training and development
but also of individual career planning and development
activities,organization development,performance management and
appraisal.
*Career planning: is an on going process whereby individual sets career
goals and identifies the means to achieve them.
*Career development: is a formal approach used by the organization to
ensure that people unit the proper qualifications and experiences are
available when needed.
*Organization development: is the planned process of improving an
organization by developing its structures,systems,process to improve
effectiveness and achieving desired goals.
Thursday, 8 May 2014
Hi Dear
We just finished reading this new ebook today and wow....
it shocked us! Its by Anik Singal and his new creation
Future of Wealth 2.0 - you get Untold Secrets Of The
mind to download now.
Download it here
Anik teaches you an ancient code involving 3 key letters -
V
S
S
This is NEW and exciting stuff, and it will blow your socks off....
Available for download for the next 7 days only.
Click here now before it's too late
To Your Peak Genius!
The PeakGenius.com Team
Mind One Digital Ltd. International House, 124 Cromwell Road, London, SW7 4ET, United Kingdom
Click here to unsubscribe
We just finished reading this new ebook today and wow....
it shocked us! Its by Anik Singal and his new creation
Future of Wealth 2.0 - you get Untold Secrets Of The
mind to download now.
Download it here
Anik teaches you an ancient code involving 3 key letters -
V
S
S
This is NEW and exciting stuff, and it will blow your socks off....
Available for download for the next 7 days only.
Click here now before it's too late
To Your Peak Genius!
The PeakGenius.com Team
Mind One Digital Ltd. International House, 124 Cromwell Road, London, SW7 4ET, United Kingdom
Click here to unsubscribe
Monday, 24 March 2014
How to Sleep Better
Taking a good and peaceful sleep is very important to spend a healthy day. Everyone wants healthy sleeping but unfortunately these days many people can’t get enough sleep because of work load, family problems or many other stress reasons. Mostly teenagers can’t get accurate time of sleep due to their laptops, movies hanging out with friends and texting. They don’t know what they are losing. At least 8 to 9 hours sleep is very important to spend an active day without being lazy. Lack of sleep may cause headache and you will also gain weight. Your performance will decrease and you may face trouble in your work and family life. Many people face sleeping problems and sleep disorders. So to avoid such sleeping problems we have to be careful for some things like:Tips for Better Sleep
1. Take a good exercise in morning and stay active during work so that when you go to your bed at night to relax you can fall asleep immediately as you are tired.2. Don’t take sleeping pill and avoid taking drugs because many people specially office workers do that so that they can get sleep. It won’t work instead you will be uncomfortable whole day.
3. Consider your room a place where you feel relax and can get a peaceful sleep. Just shut your laptops, phones and ipods so that you can’t waste time in checking mails and texts.
4. Do those activities which relax you from whole day tensions.
5. Make a routine time when you will go to bed for sleep. As much as you delay your sleep time it will disrupt your sleep.
Sunday, 23 March 2014
Why are we concerned with Human Resource Management?
1. Helps you get results – through others.
Different managerial techniques help mangers to direct the performance of employees in desirable direction in order to achieve the organizational objectives. Through the efforts of others working in an organization, managers get things done that require effective human resource management.2. Helps you avoid common personnel mistakes
Qualified HR mangers utilize organization resources in such a way that helps to avoid common personnel mistakes like the following…a. Hiring the wrong person for the job
b. Experiencing high turnover
c. Finding employees not doing their best
d. Having your company taken to court because of your discriminatory actions
e. Having your company cited under federal occupational safety laws for
unsafe practices
f. Allowing a lack of training to undermine your department’s effectiveness
g. Committing any unfair labor practices
3. Helps you to gain Competitive Advantage
Among all the resources possessed by the organizations it is only Manpower or the Human resources that create the real difference. Because all organizations can have the same technology, they can possess same type of financial resources, same sort of raw material can be used to produce the goods and services but the organizational source that can really create the difference is work force of the organization. Therefore they are the main sources of innovation creativity in the organizations that can be used as a competitive advantage. In today’s competitive environment,these are the people which can create competitive advantageous for the organizations.
Saturday, 22 March 2014
Sunday, 12 January 2014
Types of Goods With Example-Economics
Normal goods:
Normal goods - the quantity demanded of such commodities increases as the consumer’s income increases and decreases as the consumer’s income decreases. Such goods are called normal goods.Example of Types of Goods: Bread, Clothings etc
Giffen goods:
Giffen goods - a Giffen good is an inferior good which people consume more of as price rises, violating the law of demand.. In the Giffen good situation, cheaper close substitutes are not available. Because of the lack of substitutes, the income effect dominates, leading people to buy more of the good, even as its price rises.Example of Types of Goods:
Substitutes goods:
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