How to Write an Effective CV/Resume?

How to Write an Effective CV / Resume

Difference in CV and Resume:

First of all we will know about the main differences in resume and curriculum vitae.

A Resume:

It is one page summary of your skills, education and experiences. This is not in detail and in very concise manner you have to tell about yourself in a particular manners and format. 

A Curriculum Vita: (CV)

However in CV you have to explain about yourself in more detail. CV may be designed one to two pages about educational, academic backgrounds as well as any previous job experience, if any, awards, honors, publications, affiliations, and other achievements. It is more detail synopsis than a resume.

How to write and effective Curriculum Vitae (CV)/ Resume

There are some steps to write an effective Curriculum Vitae (CV)/ Resume, like:

Attach a Cover Letter:

A cover letter is a best resource to explain that why you are fit and suitable for such job. There is a separate format for designing a cover letter. This is not a detail discussion about your skills and knowledge, it just explain that you are good for a particular job.It carries a good effect on your respondent and makes your reputation batter rather than others those not enclose a cover letter.

Chose an Easily Understandable Format:

Try to design your CV/ Resume in understandable format. Because this is very important that what is you are going to discuss about you so it should be quite easy way for better understanding. This is a big mistake when you write a long paragraphing and chose very complex format of CV. Always try to choose easily understandable format. This push your reader for avoiding redundant effort on relevant finding according to your job description. 

Write down Your detail:

There should be your detail about:

• Your full name: Always write your full name in your CV.
• Mention your address in bold fond. 
• Give your phone number and email address on which you are available.
• Write your qualification in descending order that your current qualification comes first and then remaining. 
• Mention your past professional experience, like your last job
• Write about your rewards and other achievements, if any, but always write correct information.
• Any sort of computer skills should be mentioned. 
• Interest and hobbies heading also be there and this is very important portion of CV because this area shows your psychology. 
• In last, write down your references, if any. 

Usual Mistake Is Done By the People While Designing CV / Resume So, Be Careful 

There are some common mistakes are done by people when they are designing CV/ resume and it carry adverse response. Therefore you be very careful about your presentation. These mistakes are:

Cover Letter Is Missing:

Some of the people missed to attach a cover letter along with their CV.  So this is also a lacking and to enclose this letter getting impressive image in sight of your respondent. So must try to enclose a cover letter at first of CV. 

Choosing Complex format:

Sometime people chose complex and very abstract format of CV. It contains overloaded information in paragraphing form rather than a bullet form. A CV should be in very distinct manners; and easy to understand. 

 There are two sample for showing the difference. 

Not an Impressive Way

Impressive way

Grammatical Mistake:

There are some grammatical mistakes are done by people and this carry not a good effect. So avoid such flaws in CV. Be sure about the correct use of grammar and always try to focus in the 7 C’s. Properly check the spellings and follow grammatical rules also. Because just due to use of wrong grammar you may lose your job call because this carry very bad  impression over your respondent, specially when you are applying in big and renowned organizations. 

Overloaded Information:

Try to give information in very concise manner and try to avoid same word again and again. Use substitute word especially when you are writing cover letter.  Try to provide required and relevant information only. In fact when you are applying in various fields then you have to mention relevant information in CV. Like if you are applying for marketing job then just mention your marketing experience, skills and knowledge. There is no need to write down about your teaching experience and skills. This is very common mistake mostly people do that they design only one CV and sent this CV to every organization. This is not a good CV because in one CV you divulging all skills, experiences and knowledge. Therefore avoid this habit. 

Avoid Writing Fake Information:

Sometime people enclose fake information about their self and they write their fake hobbies and interest. While, this portion of CV is very much important and your respondent must read this portion, because this heading tells your psychology. If you mention wrong and fake information there this may be trace in interview when your receiver asks questions from you about your hobbies and interest. Like if a person who play table tanes / Squesh  and suppose your interviewer also fond of this game so if he ask any rule and this thing about your playing style and you are not knowing about such game rules so this thing become embarrassing and also give wrong impression that may be reaming information is also not genuine. Therefore, do not enclose fake information about yourself.

Great Thanks to My Respected Professor,
Khalik-ur-Rehman
( to whom I took my session for improve my professional writing skills)

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How to Write a Letter

How to Write a Letter

It is an important question that how to write a business letter? So to give answer of this question i.e.. how to write a business letter  you may download power point presentation on how to write a business letter. In this presentation some topic will cover ; about,  business letter sample,business letter format,informal letter.

Letter Writing is a technical thing. For effective letter writing first thing is to know about below mentioned heading:

Your Reader for Whom a Letter is Written:

First analyse your reader that who is he/she, what is your relation with him/her, so this think helps to select the category of letter whether a formal letter or informal letter.

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Free Video Downloader

Free Video Downloader

Free Video Downloader adds a tiny shortcut button to your IE toolbar. When you visit YouTube, simply click the button and the video immediately starts to download. A pop-up window appears, showing the status of the video being downloaded. The window floats on top of whatever page you're browsing, but it can be quickly minimized. Each video downloaded fairly quickly; however, we were annoyed by the pop-up Web page that appeared after each video download promoting another product. A folder is added to My Documents and videos are automatically downloaded to it. The status window offers a button that is supposed to open the directory containing the downloaded videos, but some Vista testers received an error message when clicking it. When it works, another window opens pointing to the new folder created by the program. Aside from two other buttons to cancel or reload a download, there are no user options or settings. As the name indicates, the program only works with YouTube videos, and it downloads only in flv file format.

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A short history of TAXATION

A short history of Taxation

Beards, boots, beehives, candles, nuts, hats, horses, chimneys, water – Tsar Peter taxed them all. But he is still styled ‘The Great’ in modern histories of Russia, perhaps because of the mighty works his taxes produced. This is the eternal fate of taxation: to be the abused or abusive means towards noble or ignoble ends, never quite able to escape its association with extortion and war.

In the beginning-history of TAXATION 
The word ‘tax’ first appeared in the English language only in the 14th century. It derives from the Latin taxare which means ‘to assess’. Before that, English used the related word ‘task’, derived from Old French. For a while, ‘task’ and ‘tax’ were both in common use, the first requiring labour, the second money. ‘Tax’ then developed its meaning to imply something wearisome or challenging. So words like ‘duty’ were used to suggest a more appealing purpose. Political spin has just as long a history as taxation, and neither has been detained unduly by the meaning of words.
The written record-history of TAXATION
China has one of the longest of all written records, and we know that taxes were levied here some 3,000 years ago as the Empire was being established. Powers (usually military) that were able to impose taxes created the first bureaucracies to collect and administer them. Under the Egyptian Pharaohs ‘scribes’ were charged with raising funds in any way practicable, including a tax on household cooking oil. Regular audits were conducted to ensure that oil was not recycled – perhaps the first historical record of ‘avoidance’. The ‘Book of Genesis’ in The Bible suggests that a fifth of all crops should be given to the Pharaoh. The city states of Ancient Greece imposed eishpora to pay for wars, which were numerous; but once a war was over any surplus had to be refunded. Athens imposed a monthly poll tax on foreigners. Imperial Rome used tribute extracted from colonized peoples to multiply the bounty of empire. Julius Caesar imposed a one-per-cent sales tax; Augustus instituted an inheritance tax to provide retirement funds for the military. However, human bondage remained the most lucrative form of tribute for both Greece and Rome.
The price of faith
With the decline of Rome in Europe, ‘spiritual’ and ‘temporal’ powers were not always easy to distinguish. Religious institutions rivalled – and sometimes surpassed – political ones in their material power. To secure this, they imposed forms of taxation. For Christians it was a ‘tithe’, or a tenth of what the faithful produced, usually paid to the Church in kind. Tithe barns for the receipt and storage of such payments were lesser in size only to churches in villages and towns. The expansion of Islam was accompanied by the ‘Islamic Tax’, the khums, or ‘one twentieth’ – more modest by half than the tithe. There are direct references to it in the Qu’ran, which requires its use for specified purposes, such as the relief of the poor. In India, Islamic rulers imposed a tax called jizya in the 11th century. In Latin America the Aztec, Olmec, Maya and Inca cultures all seem to have raised forms of taxation, usually in association with ritual observance. Both Hindus and Buddhists sustained their temples and monasteries with contributions of time, skill and resources from the faithful.
Doomsday
Land was the basic commodity of feudal Europe and service (military or labour) its currency. Aspiring monarchs had little access to revenues in cash, though ‘scutage’ was sometimes accepted in lieu of military service. Then the Vikings, sailing from Scandinavia, started demanding protection money. In 845 they extorted six tons of silver in return for not sacking Paris; in 994 a similar amount from London. Though the Viking threat subsided, ‘Dangeld’ (restyled ‘carucage’ in England) was still collected by rulers. After the invasion of England in 1066 by the Normans (themselves descended from Vikings), William the Conqueror commissioned the Doomsday Book, a land survey to assess his new kingdom’s tax potential.
Imperial measures
More modern systems of taxation followed the expansion of imperial Europe, together with towns and cities, where tribute in kind was less useful – cash was the currency here. The monarchies of Spain and Portugal, however, still transposed feudal structures, and an obsession with gold – which was portable – to their occupation of Latin America. Others followed the example of the city states of Italy, particularly Venice, which had grown rich on trade with the East; taxes on trade were relatively easy to raise. France, the Netherlands and Britain in particular began to establish commercial outposts, and then military control, across Africa and Asia. Traditions of tribute through human bondage revived, however, with the triangular slave trade between Africa, Europe and the Americas. In Britain, a disagreement on the rights of taxation between Parliament and King Charles I in 1629 led to civil war.
Nation states
Resentment of tax fuelled the French Revolution between 1789 and 1799. Thereafter, Napoleon centralized the tax system and employed private collectors who could keep a proportion of their takings. Revolt against taxation – levied from imperial Britain – also fuelled the formation of the United States, though an independent Congress soon enacted the Federal Property Tax in 1798. By now, no aspiring nation, in Europe or elsewhere, could dispense with the machinery of a state or the taxes to pay for it. At the same time, the principle of ‘no taxation without representation’ was becoming more firmly established – though representation was still largely limited to the wealthy.
Promises, promises
As the power of monarchies declined and of industrial capitalism increased, a new settlement was required. This was pioneered in Britain. Income tax was first imposed on personal wealth in Britain in 1798, to pay for the wars with Napoleon. It was billed as a ‘temporary’ measure, renewable annually by Parliament – and has remained so ever since (it still expires on 5 April every year). A year after the Battle of Waterloo in 1815 it was repealed. In the general election of 1841 Sir Robert Peel opposed income tax, but once elected he reimposed it, reducing customs duties at the same time. Tax ‘commissioners’ (who came from the landed gentry) were transformed into the Board of Inland Revenue in 1849 to produce an efficient bureaucracy. In the general election of 1871, both Gladstone and Disraeli opposed income tax. Disraeli won, but the tax stayed. In 1908, Lloyd George as Chancellor introduced non-contributory old-age pensions, and – in the ‘People’s Budget’ of 1909 – plans for a super-tax on the rich. The rejection of this by the House of Lords led to the 1911 Parliament Act which removed the Lords’ power of veto. As taxation increased, so the right to vote and the principle of democratic consent were extended, culminating in universal adult suffrage.
Taxes to beat the Axis
At the start of World War One in 1914, the standard rate of income tax in Britian was 6 per cent; by the end of the war in 1918 it was 30 per cent. An Excess Profits Tax was levied on companies benefiting from war production. The total tax ‘take’ was 17 times higher than it had been in 1905. This continued after the war, when government was expected to provide homes and public services in ‘a land fit for heroes’. Government borrowing soared. In the US, the ‘New Deal’ in response to mass unemployment during the Great Depression of the 1930s relied heavily on the Federal Government’s ability to borrow against future tax revenues. It was only after Pearl Harbor, and the US entry into World War Two, that the Revenue Act of 1942 subjected millions of new taxpayers to income tax and gave rise to a whole new taxpaying culture. The Federal Government launched an all-out campaign to market the changes, including Disney animated shorts featuring Donald Duck touting the importance of ‘taxes to beat the Axis!’ Asked in February 1944 whether they considered the amount of income tax they paid to be ‘fair’, 90 per cent answered ‘yes’.
Cold war
Great expectations also followed World War Two. Worldwide liberation movements made ‘nation building’ (and the state machinery to go with it) an urgent priority for newly independent states in Africa and Asia. However, the Cold War between the ‘West’ and the Soviet Union ensured that vast military machines continued to operate at public expense, and ‘defence’ loomed large in the finances of the new states right from the outset. Meanwhile, demand for public services gave rise to such things as the National Health Service in Britain and new forms of taxation to pay for them. Scandinavia led the way as the proportion of national wealth devoted to public expenditure and services rose towards a half. The use of taxation to redistribute wealth and even out the inequalities of capitalism in the West became an ideological weapon in the Cold War.
Global consensus
As the Cold War came to an end, triumphant free-market orthodoxy demanded ‘small’ government, privatization and cuts in taxes on the wealth of private individuals and corporations. Corporate globalization was, in any event, making it more difficult for nation states to exercise control (or collect taxes), rather than compete with each other to offer the most favourable rates. In Russia, the tax rap became a nationalist tool against oligarchs and foreign businesses. Everywhere, the ‘neoliberal’ process has continued, but its outcome is increasingly uncertain. Public expenditure as a proportion of national wealth has not fallen in rich countries. Private or corporate wealth still relies on governments to provide (or, more often, finance) a vast range of services – including ‘bail-outs’ when free-market orthodoxy turns out to be flawed, as in the recent ‘credit crunch’. Military expenditures have still not been reduced significantly. In poor countries, revenues for desperately needed public services remain minimal. A ‘global consensus’ agrees, as the saying goes, that ‘only the little people pay tax’.

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What is Accounting

What is Accounting 

Accounting is an information science used to collect, classify, and manipulate financial data for organizations and individuals.
Accounting is instrumental within organizations as a means of determining financial stability. Accountants are responsible for determining an organization’s overall wealth, profitability, and liquidity. Without accounting, organizations would have no basis or foundation upon which daily and long-term decisions could be made. The budgets for marketing activities, profit reinvestment, research and development, and company growth all stem from the work of accountants. Accounting is one of the oldest and most respected professions in the world, and accountants can be found in every industry from entertainment to medicine.
In double entry bookkeeping system of accounting all the accounts can be classified either as :
a) Personal,
b) Real or
c) Nominal
Three golden rules guide the principle of debit or credit, as per the nature of the account, of the impugned transaction.
These three rules are:
1.In case of personal accounts:
  Debit The receive
  Creditthe giver
2. In case of real accounts
 Debit what comes in
 Credit what goes out
3. In case of personal accounts nominal a/c
 Debit all expenditure and losses
 Credit all the income and gains
The beauty of the above three rules is: they complement each other.
For example: if, in a transaction where one part involves a Real account and the other part is a personal or a nominal account still all these rules hold good. Hence in themselves they can govern any kind of accounting entry.
As the business environment is becoming more complex, more and more complex transactions are coming into the public domain. ERP packages like SAP have brought about new paradigms into the domain of accounting with their concept of dummy accounts etc.
However, pertinent to say, all those will still have to fall within the four-walls (or are there six?) of these three rules. 

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Human Resource Management

What is Human Resource Management

Human resource management is the utilization of individuals to achieve organization objectives. 

What are The Human Resource Management Functions: 

people who are engaged in the management of human resource develop and work through an integrated HRM system.these are five functions: 

 (1)Staffing: (Human Resource Management) 

Staffing is the process through which an organization ensure that it always has the proper number of employees with the appropriate skills in the right jobs,at the right time,to achieve organization objectives. staffing involves job analysis,human resource planning,recruitment,and selection

 2) Human resource development HRD: (Human Resource Management)

HRM is a major function consisting not only of training and development but also of individual career planning and development activities,organization development,performance management and appraisal. *Career planning: is an on going process whereby individual sets career goals and identifies the means to achieve them. *Career development: is a formal approach used by the organization to ensure that people unit the proper qualifications and experiences are available when needed. *Organization development: is the planned process of improving an organization by developing its structures,systems,process to improve effectiveness and achieving desired goals. 

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