THESIS WRITING AND PRESENTATION

Introduction: 

This section is an introduction to the topic and the subject. It describes the background to the research, particularly the major ideas (or theoretical perspective) from which the research is derived. The introduction explains the reasons for doing the research, and indicates why the research is important valuable or significant. It outlines the contribution that the research will make to knowledge. The introduction also outlines the aims of the research by presenting research questions or hypotheses.

Be sure to include in the introduction a clear statement of your hypothesis and how you are going to address it Throughout the introduction you should use citations from the research literature to support your study. These citations should include but not be limited to research presented in the Literature Review.

Statement of the Problem: 

You should clearly state the problem that your thesis is going to address. You should also present relevant information about why this is an important problem. Describe what precisely you intend to show/argue and why (i.e., address the ever-lurking "So what?" question). Is your research problem addressing a significant social problem, or is it testing some theoretical hypothesis, such as the argument that high television viewing levels make people feel apolitical and powerless.

The issues raised ideally are timely, relevant to the problems or trends of the present time and have broad applicability. Good questions are those allowing theories to be tested or, as when two theories make opposing predictions, can be compared.

In this section you should first grab the attention and interest of your readers; and secondly introduce the problem to be studied. All assertions of feet must be documented. Be careful of any generalizations that you make. A social science research paper is not an editorial. In short a thesis statement is what you'll PROVE, it is the ARGUMENT. If is the SCOPE, it is the MAIN IDEA and the PURPOSE of your paper and that you  intend  to  develop, prove, defend  or explore with evidence and therefore has an argumentative or informational edge and must not state the obvious.

Background and Need: 

You should present relevant literature that supports the need for your project. Research articles, books, educational and government statistics are just a few sources that should be used here. This section can include brief overviews of articles covered in the literature review that support the need for your project.

Rationale: 

The rationale should define the larger problem being investigated. Summarize what is known about the problem, define the gap(s) in the knowledge, and state what needs to be done to address the gap(s).

Purpose of the Project: 

Based on the above background information, explain the purpose of the study. Explain what you hope the study will accomplish and why you chose to do this particular study. This should be supported with citations and specific information related to the study.

Research Questions/Hypotheses: 

Given the background above, you carefully state the hypotheses that will be tested in your thesis. The hypothesis is the central question being researched. It should be expressed in straight-forward terms. A good hypothesis is comparative, measurable, and falsifiable. Hypotheses are usually defined in "cause -effect" relationships. Any corollary hypotheses or secondary research questions should also be stated. Any supplemental definitions or discussion necessary to explain the hypothesis should be offered.

Underlying every theory is the issue of causality. What exactly does it mean to say that poverty "causes" crime, that cultural materialism "causes" moral decay? Just because two events historically occur simultaneously does not necessarily mean that one is influencing the other.

Hypothesis is a guide or a sign post to the researcher that keeps one on the track. The researcher tests the initial presupposition or hypothesis while working along.

• Hypothesis is formulated in such a way that it enables the researcher to test it.

• Hypothesis depicts and describes the method that follows during the study. 

• Hypothesis is a kind of hunch that the researcher has about the topic. 

• Hypothesis establishes the precise focus of the research study. 

• Hypothesis helps decide the aims and objectives of the study.

• Hypothesis is of speculative nature, an imaginative preconception of "what might be true".

• Hypothesis is a well established research question that can be in form of a descriptive statement or a question.

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PRESENTATION

PRESENTATION

Successful Oral Presentation 

In your personal life and in the world of business, you orally communicate with your customers, colleagues, associates, superiors, employees, employers and others. But this communication does not need any special preparation as this is simply a face to face conversation in which you can convey your message very easily and without any hesitation. However, at certain occasion you have to talk to a big audience such as employees to convince them to do hard work and customer to trust you.

Definition

The action of communication in which one speaker is doing most of the sending and a number of listeners are doing most of the receiving is known as oral presentation

Successful Oral Presentation 

Oral presentation creates mutual understanding between audience and speaker so you will have to give yourself some time to improve your oral presentation skills. For oral presentations, you need the different steps to be effective in your oral presentation. These steps are the following.
• Stages for preparing oral presentations.
• Types of oral presentations.
• Art of delivering the oral message.
• Delivering the speech.
• Nonverbal delivery.

The Three Step Oral Presentation Process

Regardless of your job or the purpose of your presentation, you will be more effective if you adopt an oral presentation process that follows these threes steps:
1. Planning  your presentation
2. Writing  your presentation
3. Completing your presentation
The content and style of speeches and presentations vary, depending on your purpose.

Planning Oral Presentation

Planning oral presentations is much like planning any other business message: it requires analyzing your purpose and your audience, investigating necessary information, and adapting your message to the occasion and your audience so that you can establish a good relationship.
The four basic purposes for giving a presentation are to inform, to persuade, to motivate, and to entertain. Here are sample statements of purpose for business preventative:

To Inform

Here your objective is to clarify, explain a process as a teacher, delivers a lecture to inform. In brief, at the conclusion of your message you hope, your listeners have a better comprehension of an issue, an idea, a process and a procedure that you have talked about.
• To inform the accounting department of the new remote data-access policy.
• To explain to the executive committee the financial ramifications of Omni Group’s takeover offer

To Persuade

Gaining willing acceptance of an idea is objective to persuasion. Note that the key word here is willing. Your goal is that after you have finished your presentation, listeners will accept your proposal. You hope they will do as you ask them to do. To persuade potential customers that our bank offers the best commercial banking services for their needs

To Motivate

To motivate the sales force to increase product sales by 10 percent.

To Entertain

In this type of presentation your purpose is to entertain an audience. Gear the content, organization, and style of your message to your audience’s size, background, attitudes, and interests.

Audience Analysis

A. Determine audience size and composition

1. Estimate how many people will attend.
2. Consider whether they have some political, religious, professional, or other affiliation in common.
3. Analyze the mix of men and women, age ranges, socioeconomic and ethnic groups, occupations, and geographic regions represented.

 B. Predict the audience’s probable reaction

• Analyze why audience members are attending the presentations
• Determine the audience’s general attitude toward the topic i.e. interested, moderately interested, unconcerned, open-minded, or hostile.
• Analyze the mood that people will be in when you speak to them.
• Find out what kind of backup information will impress the audience i.e. technical data, historical information, financial data, demonstrations, samples, and so on.
• Consider whether the audience has any biases that might work against you.
• Anticipate possible objections or questions.

C. Gauge the audience’s level of understanding

1. Analyze whether everybody has the same background and experience.
2. Determine what the audience already knows about the subject
3. Decide what background information the audience will need to understand the subject better.
4. Consider whether the audience is familiar with your vocabulary.
5. Analyze what the audience expects from you.
6. Think about the mix of general concepts and specific details you will need to present.

Writing Oral Presentation

Main Ideas or Content

Brainstorm your ideas first. Then decide which ideas are more relevant and appropriate to your audience and to your objective. Carryout any research that is necessary. Be selective, your first list of ideas may be disorganized. Later you can select those ideas that are workable. Don’t think this initial structure will be your final version.
The main ideal is to point out how the audience can benefit from your message. Convince audience that reorganizing the data-processing department will improve customer service and reduce employee turnover.
• Convince audience that we should build a new plant in Lahore to eliminate manufacturing bottlenecks and improve production quality.
• Address audience’s concerns regarding a new employee health-care plan by showing how the plan will reduce costs and improve the quality of care

Limit your scope

Effective presentation focuses on audience's need but also tailor messages to the time allowed.
• In one minute, the average speaker can delivery about one paragraph or 125 to 150 words.(7500 to 9000 wph)
• Fit your oral presentation to the time allotted.
• Introduction
• Conclusion
• Time to each point
• 10 minutes presentation / one hour

Choose Your Approach

With a well defined idea you begin to arrange your message
• Structure a short oral presentation like a letter or a memo
• Organize language speeches and presentations like formal reports.
• For bad news or persuasive plan to arouse interest or give a preview

Long presentation

Organize longer speeches and presentations like formal reports. If purpose is to entertain motivate or to inform, use direct order and a structure imposed naturally by the subject. Importance, sequence, chronology, spatial orientation, geography or category. If you purpose is to analyze, persuade or collaborate organize your material around conclusions and recommendation or around a logical arguments. Use direct order if the audience is receptive use indirect if you expect resistance. Regardless of the length of your presentation, bear in mind that simplicity of organization is valuable in oral presentation.

Prepare Your Outline

A Carefully prepared outline can be more than just the starting point for composing a speech or presentation – it will help your stay on task. You can use your outline to make sure your message accomplishes its purpose to help your keep your presentation both audience-centered and within the allotted time. If you plan to deliver your presentation from notes rather than from a written text, your outline can also become your final “script”. Outline will serve you speaking notes. The heading should be complete sentences or lengthy phrase not one two word. Include visual aid. Use transmittal sentences Outlines can help you compose your presentation and stay on task.

Decide on style

Chose your style to fit the occasion your audience size subject purpose.
Decide on an Appropriate Style:
Use a casual style for small groups; use a formal style for large groups and important events.
In both formal and informal presentations, keep things simple. Remember to choose your words carefully. Don't try to impress you audience with obscure and unfamiliar words.

Developing Your Oral Presentation

Developing a major presentation is much like writing a formal report, with one important difference. You need to adjust your technique to an oral communication channel. Her you have the opportunity of interacting with your audience. So, formal presentations differ from formal reports because they have more interaction with the audience. The speaker uses nonverbal cues to express his meaning, has less control of contents and requires greater need to help the audience stay on track. How formal presentations differ form formal reports:
• More interaction with the audience
• Use of nonverbal cues to express meaning
• Less control of contents
• Greater need to help the audience stay on track

Arousing Audience Interest

• To capture attention, connect your topic to your listeners’ needs and interests.
• Match the introduction to the tone of your presentation

Body

Limit the body to three or four main points. Help your audience follow your presentation by using clear transitions between sentences and paragraphs, as well as between major sections. Emphasize your transition by repeating key ideas, using gestures, changing your tone of voice, or introducing a visual aid.

Holding Your Audience’s Attention

• Relate your subject to your audience’s needs.
• Anticipate your audience’s questions
• Use clear, vivid language
• Explain the relationship between your subject and familiar ideas.

Close

 To close should leave a strong and lasting impression.
 Restating your main Points
Summarize the main idea, and restart the main points
• Increase the overall level of compensation
• Install a cash bonus program
• Offer a variety of stock-based incentives
• Improve our health insurance and pension benefits

Describing the Next Steps

• Be certain that everyone agrees on the outcome and understands what should happen next.
• Make your final words memorable
• Completing oral presentation
• Evaluate the content of your message
Edit for clarity, besides mastering the art of delivery, prepare to speak, overcome anxiety and
handle questions with responsively.

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