What is Attitde

What is Attitde?

A predisposition or a tendency to respond positively or negatively towards a certain idea, object, person, or situation. Attitude influences an individual's choice of action, and responses to challenges, incentives, and rewards (together called stimuli).

Major Components Of Attitude

Four major components of attitude are:L
(1) Affective: emotions or feelings.
(2) Cognitive: belief or opinions held consciously.
(3) Conative: inclination for action.

(1). Cognitive Attitude - 

Cognitive Attitude our thoughts, beliefs, and ideas about something. When a human being is the object of an attitude, the cognitive component is frequently a stereotype, e.g. "welfare recipients are lazy" 

(2). Affective Attitude -

Affective Attitude feelings or emotions that something evokes. e.g. fear, sympathy, hate. May dislike welfare recipients. 

(3). Conative, or behavioral Attitude- 

Behavioral Attitude tendency or disposition to act in certain ways toward something. Might want to keep welfare recipients out of our neighborhood. Emphasis is on the tendency to act, not the actual acting; what we intend and what we do may be quite different.

COST OF CAPITAL

COST OF CAPITAL DEFINED
Cost of capital is defined as the rate of return that is necessary to maintain the market value of the
firm (or price of the firm’s stock). Managers must know the cost of capital, often called the minimum
required rate of return in:
(1) making capital budgeting decisions;
(2) helping to establish the optimal
capital structure; and
(3) making decisions such as leasing, bond refunding, and working capital management.
The cost of capital is computed as a weighted average of the various capital components, which are
items on the right-hand side of the balance sheet such as debt, preferred stock, common stock, and
retained earnings.

ROLE OF FINANCIAL MANAGER

Role Of Financial Manager

The financial manager of a firm plays an important role in the company’s goals, policies, and
financial success. The financial manager’s responsibilities include:

1. Financial analysis and planning: Determining the proper amount of funds to employ in the firm,
i.e., designating the size of the firm and its rate of growth
2. Investment decisions: The efficient allocation of funds to specific assets
3. Financing and capital structure decisions: Raising funds on as favorable terms as possible, i.e.,
determining the composition of liabilities
4. Management of financial resources (such as working capital)
5. Risk management: protecting assets by buying insurance or by hedging.

FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT

What Is Financial Management

Financial Management can be defined as:

The management of the finances of a business / organisation in order to achieve financial objectives
There are three key elements to the process of financial management:

(1) Financial Planning

Management need to ensure that enough funding is available at the right time to meet the needs of the business. In the short term, funding may be needed to invest in equipment and stocks, pay employees and fund sales made on credit.

In the medium and long term, funding may be required for significant additions to the productive capacity of the business or to make acquisitions.

(2) Financial Control

Financial control is a critically important activity to help the business ensure that the business is meeting its objectives. Financial control addresses questions such as:

• Are assets being used efficiently?

• Are the businesses assets secure?

• Do management act in the best interest of shareholders and in accordance with business rules?

(3) Financial Decision-making

The key aspects of financial decision-making relate to investment, financing and dividends:

• Investments must be financed in some way – however there are always financing alternatives that can be considered. For example it is possible to raise finance from selling new shares, borrowing from banks or taking credit from suppliers

• A key financing decision is whether profits earned by the business should be retained rather than distributed to shareholders via dividends. If dividends are too high, the business may be starved of funding to reinvest in growing revenues and profits further.

The Goals Of Financial Managrment in The New Millennium

Mr.OBAMA

Mr.Obama

Barack Hussein Obama II is the 44th and current President of the United States, the first African American to hold the office. Wikipedia
Born: August 4, 1961 (age 51), Honolulu, Hawaii, United States
Full name: Barack Hussein Obama II
Previous office: Senator (IL) 2005–2008
Office: President of the United States since 2009
Parents: Barack Obama Sr., Ann Dunham
Education: Harvard Law School (1988–1991), Columbia University (1981–1983), Occidental College (1979–1981), Punahou School (1971–1979), State Elementary School Menteng 01 (1970–1971), St. Francis of Assisi Catholic School (1968–1970), Noelani Elementary School (1966–1967)

Barack Hussein Obama

Obama is a Great man and President of the United States since 2009. Obama is a noble person not only in bookish language also in actual faith.Anyone can check his update status and his prestigious life history that how this renowned and noble person done work and got this position with the faith of people and grace of Load.

Job Acceptance Letter

You have been offered a job in a firm. Write a letter of acceptance. 

Job Acceptance Letter

80-A Omer Hayat Block
ICOBHS, MIT Road

Lahore

27 November 1997
Mr. Omer Iman
Director HR
X.Y.Z. Karachi

Dear Sir

JOB ACCEPTANCE LETTER

WIND ENERGY/ WIND POWER

Wind Power

We've used the wind as an energy source for a long time.

The Babylonians and Chinese were using wind power to pump water for irrigating crops 4,000 years ago, and sailing boats were around long before that.

Wind power was used in the Middle Ages, in Europe, to grind corn, which is where the term "windmill" comes from.

How Wind Power Energy works/ Wind Power Plant

The Sun heats our atmosphere unevenly, so some patches become warmer than others.
These warm patches of air rise, other air blows in to replace them - and we feel a wind blowing.
We can use the energy in the wind by building a tall tower, with a large propellor on the top.
The wind blows the propellor round, which turns a generator to produce electricity.
We tend to build many of these towers together, to make a "wind farm" and produce more electricity.
The more towers, the more wind, and the larger the propellors, the more electricity we can make.
It's only worth building wind farms in places that have strong, steady winds, although boats and caravans increasingly have small wind generators to help keep their batteries charged.

The best places for wind farms are in coastal areas, at the tops of rounded hills, open plains and gaps in mountains - places where the wind is strong and reliable. Some are offshore.
To be worthwhile, you need an average wind speed of around 25 km/h. Most wind farms in the UK are in Cornwall or Wales.
Isolated places such as farms may have their own wind generators. In California, several "wind farms" supply electricity to homes around Los Angeles.

The propellors are large, to extract energy from the largest possible volume of air. The blades can be angled to "fine" or "coarse" pitch, to cope with varying wind speeds, and the generator and propellor can turn to face the wind wherever it comes from. Some designs use vertical turbines, which don't need to be turned to face the wind.
The towers are tall, to get the propellors as high as possible, up to where the wind is stronger. This means that the land beneath can still be used for farming.

Fossil Fuels

What isFossil Fuels? 

Coal, oil and gas are called "fossil fuels" because they have been formed from the organic remains of prehistoric plants and animals.

How Fossil Fuels Formed

There are three major forms of fossil fuels: coal, oil and natural gas. All three were formed many hundreds of millions of years ago before the time of the dinosaurs – hence the name fossil fuels. The age they were formed is called the Carboniferous Period. It was part of the Paleozoic Era. "Carboniferous" gets its name from carbon, the basic element in coal and other fossil fuels.

The Carboniferous Period occurred from about 360 to 286 million years ago. At the time, the land was covered with swamps filled with huge trees, ferns and other large leafy plants, similar to the picture above. The water and seas were filled with algae – the green stuff that forms on a stagnant pool of water. Algae is actually millions of very small plants.                

As the trees and plants died, they sank to the bottom of the swamps of oceans. They formed layers of a spongy material called peat. Over many hundreds of years, the peat was covered by sand and clay and other minerals, which turned into a type of rock called sedimentary.

More and more rock piled on top of more rock, and it weighed more and more. It began to press down on the peat. The peat was squeezed and squeezed until the water came out of it and it eventually, over millions of years, it turned into coal, oil or petroleum, and natural gas.

How it works: 

Coal is crushed to a fine dust and burnt.

Oil and gas can be burnt directly.

The main bit to remember:

The steam that has passed through the power station's turbines has to be cooled, to condense it back into water before it can be pumped round again. This is what happens in the huge "cooling towers" seen at power stations.

Find out about Drax Coal-fired power station in Selby, UK

Some power stations are built on the coast, so they can use sea water to cool the steam instead. However, this warms the sea and can affect the environment, although the fish seem to like it. 

Coal provides around 28% of our energy, and oil provides 40%. Mind you, this figure is bound to have changed since this page was written, so check the figures if you want to quote them.

Burning coal produces sulphur dioxide, an acidic gas that contributes to the formation of acid rain. This can be largely avoided using "flue gas desulphurisation" to clean up the gases before they are released into the atmosphere. This method uses limestone, and produces gypsum for the building industry as a by-product. However, it uses a lot of limestone. 

Crude Oil 

Crude Oil(called "petroleum") is easier to get out of the ground than coal, as it can flow along pipes. This also makes it cheaper to transport.

I ought to point out that some scientists are claiming that oil is not a 'fossil' fuel - that it is not the remains of prehistoric organisms after all. They claim it was made by some other, non-biological process. Currently this is not accepted by the majority of scientists, but you can find out more about the idea at space.com

Natural Gas

Natural gas provides around 20% of the world's consumption of energy, and as well as being burnt in power stations, is used by many people to heat their homes.

It is easy to transport along pipes, and gas power stations produce comparatively little pollution.

Other Fossil Fuels

Other fossil fuels are being investigated, such as bituminous sands and oil shale. The difficulty is that they need expensive processing before we can use them; however Canada has large reserves of 'tar sands' , which makes it economic for them to produce a great deal of energy this way.

As far as we know, there is still a lot of oil in the ground. But although oil wells are easy to tap when they're almost full, it's much more difficult to get the oil up later on when there's less oil down there. That's one reason why we're increasingly looking at these other fossil fuels.

Management Report

What is Management Report?

Management reports) compare actual results achieved with budgeted forecast levels and thus identify deviations from expected performanc...

A report can be defined as a testimonial or account of some happening. It is purely based on observation and analysis. A report gives an explanation of any circumstance. In today’s corporate world, reports play a crucial role. They are a strong base for planning and control in an organization, i.e., reports give information which can be utilized by the management team in an organization for making plans and for solving complex issues in the organization.

A report discusses a particular problem in detail. It brings significant and reliable information to the limelight of top management in an organization. Hence, on the basis of such information, the management can make strong decisions. Reports are required for judging the performances of various departments in an organization.

The essentials of good/effective report writing are as follows:(management)

1    Know your objective, i.e., be focused.
2    Analyze the niche audience, i.e., make an analysis of the target audience, the purpose for which audience requires the report, kind of data audience is looking for in the report, the implications of report reading, etc.
3    Decide the length of report.
4    Disclose correct and true information in a report.
5    Discuss all sides of the problem reasonably and impartially. Include all relevant facts in a report.
6    Concentrate on the report structure and matter. Pre-decide the report writing style. Use vivid structure of    sentences.
7    The report should be neatly presented and should be carefully documented.
8    Highlight and recap the main message in a report.
9    Encourage feedback on the report from the critics. The feedback, if negative, might be useful if properly supported with reasons by the critics. The report can be modified based on such feedback.
10    Use graphs, pie-charts, etc to show the numerical data records over years.
11    Decide on the margins on a report. Ideally, the top and the side margins should be the same (minimum 1 inch broad), but the lower/bottom margins can be one and a half times as broad as others.
12    Attempt to generate reader’s interest by making appropriate paragraphs, giving bold headings for each paragraph, using bullets wherever required, etc.

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NUCLEAR POWER/ENERGY

What is Nuclear Energy? What is Nuclear Power?

Energy from splitting Uranium atoms

Nuclear Power Energy is generated using Uranium, which is a metal mined in various parts of the world.
The first large-scale nuclear power station opened at Calder Hall in Cumbria, England, in 1956.
Some military ships and submarines have nuclear power plants for engines.
Nuclear power produces around 11% of the world's energy needs, and produces huge amounts of energy from small amounts of fuel, without the pollution that you'd get from burning fossil fuels.

 How Does Nuclear Energy Works/ How Nuclear Energy Power Produced

Nuclear Power Plant Works

Nuclear power stations work in pretty much the same way as fossil fuel-burning stations, except that a "chain reaction" inside a nuclear reactor makes the heat instead.

The reactor uses Uranium rods as fuel, and the heat is generated by nuclear fission: neutrons smash into the nucleus of the uranium atoms, which split roughly in half and release energy in the form of heat.Carbon dioxide gas or water is pumped through the reactor to take the heat away, this then heats water to make steam.

The steam drives turbines which drive generators
Modern nuclear power stations use the same type of turbines and generators as conventional power stations.
In Britain, nuclear power stations are often built on the coast, and use sea water for cooling the steam ready to be pumped round again. This means that they don't have the huge "cooling towers" seen at other power stations.

The reactor is controlled with "control rods", made of boron, which absorb neutrons. When the rods are lowered into the reactor, they absorb more neutrons and the fission process slows down. To generate more power, the rods are raised and more neutrons can crash into uranium atoms.
Natural uranium is only 0.7% "uranium-235", which is the type of uranium that undergoes fission in this type of reactor.

The rest is U-238, which just sits there getting in the way. Modern reactors use "enriched" uranium fuel, which has a higher proportion of U-235.

POWER /ENERGY

The Basic Cloncept Of Power

Power

The quantity work has to do with a force causing a displacement. Work has nothing to do with the amount of time that this force acts to cause the displacement. Sometimes, the work is done very quickly and other times the work is done rather slowly. For example, a rock climber takes an abnormally long time to elevate her body up a few meters along the side of a cliff. On the other hand, a trail hiker (who selects the easier path up the mountain) might elevate her body a few meters in a short amount of time. The two people might do the same amount of work, yet the hiker does the work in considerably less time than the rock climber. The quantity that has to do with the rate at which a certain amount of work is done is known as the power. The hiker has a greater power rating than the rock climber.

HTML LANGUAGE

What is HTML?

The HTML lang attribute can be used to declare the language of a Web page or a portion of a Web page. This is meant to assist search engines and browsers. 

Here all sort of information about HTML language, codings,HTML Codes, Basic HTML, &HTML, HTML Course, HTML Help, HTML Guide, Presentations, Presentation On HTML Language, Add HTML, HTML SlidesShow, HTML Web page, HTML 5.0, is provided.

NOTE:DOWNLOAD PRESENTATION ON HTML FROM BELOW LINK

HTML is a language for describing web pages.

    HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language
    HTML is a markup language
    A markup language is a set of markup tags
    The tags describe document content
    HTML documents contain HTML tags and plain text
    HTML documents are also called web pages

HTML Tags

HTML markup tags are usually called HTML tags
    HTML tags are keywords (tag names) surrounded by angle brackets like <html>
    HTML tags normally come in pairs like <b> and </b>
    The first tag in a pair is the start tag, the second tag is the end tag
    The end tag is written like the start tag, with a forward slash before the tag name
    Start and end tags are also called opening tags and closing tags

 <tagname>content</tagname>

LETTER WRITING

Letter Writing

Placing Orders

An order letter is a contract of selling and purchasing or services. Orders are considered one of the simplest types of direct request. While placing an order, you need not excite your reader’s interest; just state your needs clearly and directly.

Many companies use special forms for ordering merchandise or service. They may use their own, called a purchase order, or one provided by the seller, called an order form. These forms have blank spaces to ensure the inclusion of all necessary information. Their advantage is that they enable a company to number and so carefully file all expenditures.

Nevertheless, there will be times when an order must be put into letter format. At such times, you must be sure to include COMPLETE, ACCURATE INFORMATION because incomplete orders result in delayed deliveries, and inaccurate facts result in receipt of the wrong merchandise.

Technique To Write A Letter

Here are some suggestions for writing effective order letters.

LEARNING THEORY

Learning

Leraning is the process, how an individual learn? what are the steps of learning, ? These all questions are resolver by this Leanring Theory, Whic is explained below:

According to stephen Robin " Learning is a relatively permanent change in behavor that occurs as a result of experience"

Learning Theory

The focus on process obviously takes us into the realm of learning theories – ideas about how or why change occurs. On these pages we focus on four different orientations (the first three taken from Merriam and Caffarella 1991).
    the behaviourist orientation to learning
    the cognitive orientation to learning
    the social/situational orientation to learning

The behaviourist orientation to learning

The behaviourist orientation to learning. The behaviourist movement in psychology has looked to the use of experimental procedures to study behaviour in relation to the environment.

John B. Watson, who is generally credited as the first behaviourist, argued that the inner experiences that were the focus of psychology could not be properly studied as they were not observable. Instead he turned to laboratory experimentation. The result was the generation of the stimulus-response model. In this the environment is seen as providing stimuli to which individuals develop responses.

In essence three key assumptions underpin this view:

CULTURAL INTELLIGENCE

What is Cultural Intelligence?

Cultural Intelligence (CI) is the ability to make oneself understood and the ability to create a fruitful collaboration in situations where cultural differences play a role.
CI consists of three dimensions that correspond to the classical division between emotion, understanding and action:

The emotional dimension – ‘intercultural engagement’ 

This dimension relates to the emotional or feeling component of the situation and the motivation to generate solutions. This dimension is the 'touch paper' in the intercultural encounter - the thing that changes fuel into fire and contains both the creative potential and the 'danger'; the positive driving forces and the stumbling blocks that can destroy or enliven the contact.
‘Intercultural engagement’ includes the motivation we have to achieve a fruitful inter-cultural encounter. Our motivation comes from both external drivers, goals and objectives such as the need to develop a strategy for innovation and internal drivers such as curiosity or an attraction to things or people who are different. These drivers determine how much of an investment we are prepared to put into any situation.

The cognitive dimension – ‘cultural understanding’

The cognitive component is the objective or rational component. It is based on reason and the capacity to develop mental structures which enable us to understand the encounter, to think about what is going on and to make judgments based on conceptual frameworks and language. It consists of understanding oneself as a cultural being as well as understanding people with a different cultural background.

CHILD DEVELOPMENT

Child Development

The early years of a child's life are very important for his or her health and development. Parents, health professionals, educators, and others can work together as partners to help children grow up to reach their full potential.

10 facts about early child development as a social determinant of health

Fact 1

Brain and biological development during the first years of life depends on the quality of stimulation in the infant’s environment—at the level of family, community, and society. Early child development (ECD), in turn is a life long determinant of health, well-being, and learning skills. Taken together, these facts make early child development a social determinant of health.

Fact 2

Addressing ECD means creating the conditions for children prenatal to 8 years to thrive equally in their physical, social/emotional, and language/cognitive development.

Fact 3

Safe, cohesive, child-centred neighbourhoods, communities, and villages matter for early child development.

Fact 4

In order to improve the state of early child development, global communities need to continuously improve the conditions for families to nurture their children by addressing economic security, flexible work, information and support, health and quality childcare needs.

Fact 5

Barriers of access to programs and services that have been demonstrated effective in supporting physical, social/emotional, language/cognitive development for ECD need to be removed.

Fact 6

Children require stimulating, supportive and nurturing care when their parents are not available. High quality childcare and early childhood education can improve children’s chances for success in later life.

Fact 7

Early child development is a cornerstone of human development and should be central to how we judge the successfulness of societies. Measuring the state of early child development with a comparable approach throughout the world will provide a way for societies to judge their success.

Fact 8

Success in the area of early child development requires a partnership, not only among international, national, and local agencies but, also, with the world’s families.

Fact 9

Many in the international development community agree that child survival and child development are not in conflict but program financing in the international development community has not yet reflected this understanding.

Fact 10

Among all the social determinants of health, ECD is the easiest for societies’ economic leaders to understand because improved ECD not only means better health, but a more productive labour force, reduced criminal justice costs, and reductions in other strains on the social safety net. National and international fiscal and monetary institutions need to recognize that spending on early child development is an investment and incorporate it into policy accordingly.

MOTIVATION

What Is Motivation? 

Definition: 

Motivation is defined as the process that initiates, guides and maintains goal-oriented behaviors. Motivation is what causes us to act, whether it is getting a glass of water to reduce thirst or reading a book to gain knowledge.

It involves the biological, emotional, social and cognitive forces that activate behavior. In everyday usage, the term motivation is frequently used to describe why a person does something. For example, you might say that a student is so motivated to get into a clinical psychology program that she spends every night studying.

Psychologists have proposed a number of different theories of motivation, including drive theory, instinct theory and humanistic theory.

Motivation Quotes

"Reason should direct and appetite obey." - Cicero

''We all have the extraordinary coded within us, waiting to be released." - Jean Houston

''You have to learn that if you start making sure you feel good, everything will be okay." - Ruben Studdard

What is Cognition?

What is Cognition?/What is Cognative

The mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses.
hat exactly is cognition and how does it work? Here we will attempt to outline and explain some of the basic concepts involved with the inner workings of your head.

Cognition literally means “to know”.  Knowledge can be thought of as memories formed from the manipulation and assimilation of raw input , perceived via our senses of sight, hearing, taste, touch and smell.

Using knowledge to direct and adapt action towards goals is the foundation of the cognitive process. Past experiences and trends inform our sense of what the future might hold and help us to act accordingly.

Take a yearning for pizza for example… Cognition encompasses everything from knowing/remembering what pizza is (and that you like it)…to realizing that you are hungry and making plans to have it delivered.

In order for our finite minds to make sense of the near infinite details of our surroundings however,  a large part of cognition involves the organization of our thoughts into associations or categories. These might range from “things one might find in a kitchen” to “people I think are cute”. Simple symbols such as the word “face” are used to group more complex learned associations such as those between noses, lips, eyes and smiles.

Although important, these “cognitive categories” are overlapping and not always clearly distinct…so keep this in mind as we break down the concept of cognition itself into some of its more widely recognized pieces.
The words perception, attention, memory and executive function are one way of divvying up the processes involved in how we think. All of the above will be involved throughout your journey towards satisfying that pizza craving. Let’s use some specific points to illustrate their role in the overall process of attaining such a dinner goal.

Perception, in this case, of the fact that you feel hungry and that there is no food in the fridge, is what gets the whole process moving. It involves seeing, hearing, feeling, tasting and or smelling your surroundings, allowing you to respond appropriately.

Memory plays the obvious role of storing the name of your favorite pizza parlor. It also enables you to dial the number given by the operator and give directions to your house. Some different components include short term/working memory, long-term memory and subconscious/implicit knowledge.

Executive Function enables the planning of logistics, such as timing the pizza delivery to coincide with the arrival of your scrabble buddies.  Improvising (guessing what toppings everyone will enjoy), problem solving (figuring how much to tip) and controlling impulses (not ruining your appetite by eating a whole bag of Doritos while waiting) also come into play here.

Attention processes kick in by having you shift your focus from reading the Sunday funnies to answering the door upon hearing that long awaited knock. They also help in multi-tasking a slice of pizza with figuring out how to nail that triple word score all while ignoring the heckling antics of your so called “friends”.

Again, although separated for the purposes of our discussion here, it is the interplay of all of these systems working simultaneously which makes up the process of cognition; allowing us to adapt to our surroundings and take action towards obtaining our goals.

Build cognitive reserve now, not later

LETTER WRITING PRESENTATION

LETTER WRITING PRESENTATION

How To Write A Letter?

5 RULES FOR BETTER LETTER WRITING

Better writing can result in proposals that win contracts, advertisements that sell
products, instruction manuals that users can follow, billboards that catch a driver’s attention. stories that make us laugh or cry, and letters, memos, and reports that get your message across to the reader. Here are 12 tips on style and word choice that can make writing clear and persuasive.

1. PRESENT YOUR BEST SELF

Your moods vary. After all, you’re only human. But while it is sometimes difficult to
present your best self in conversation, which is spontaneous and instant, letters are written alone and on your own schedule. Therefore, you can and should take the time to let your most pleasant personality shine through in your writing.
Be especially careful when replying to an e-mail message you have received. The
temptation is to treat the message as conversation, and if you are irritated or just outrageously pressured and busy, the tendency is to reply in a clipped and curt fashion — again, not showing you at your best.
The solution? Although you may be eager to reply immediately to e-mail so you can get the message out of your inbox, a better strategy for when your reply is important is to set it aside, compose your answer when you are not so time pressured, and read it carefully before sending.
A Tip: Never write a letter when angry. If you must write the letter when angry, then put it aside without sending it, and come back to it later. You will most likely want to throw it out and start over, not send it at all, or drastically revise it.
Remember, once you hit the Reply button, it is too late to get the message back. It’s out there, and you can’t retrieve it. Same thing when you drop a letter in the mailbox
(it’s actually a felony to reach into the mailbox and try to retrieve the letter!).

FITNESS PROGRAMS

Fitness Programs/Exercise program 

Fitness is not a magic, it is acquired by the excercise, and other tools which i will discuss below. Today my topic is on FITNESS as my previous topic was EXERCISE. You may also see this post of Exercise by clicking this bolded and hyperlink word.

5 Steps To Getting Starte For Fitness Programs

Starting a fitness program may be one of the best things you can do for your health. Physical activity can reduce your risk of chronic disease, improve your balance and coordination, help you lose weight — even improve your sleep habits and self-esteem. And there's more good news. You can do it in just five steps.

Step 1: Assess Your Fitness level:

You probably have some idea of how fit you are. But assessing and recording baseline fitness scores can give you benchmarks against which to measure your progress. To assess your aerobic and muscular fitness, flexibility and body composition, consider recording:
    Your pulse rate before and after you walk 1 mile (1.6 kilometers)
    How long it takes you to walk 1 mile (1.6 kilometers)
    How many push-ups you can do at a time
    How far you can reach forward while seated on the floor with your legs in front of you
    Your waist circumference as measured around your bare abdomen just above your hipbone
    Your body mass index

Step 2: Design Your Fitness Program:

It's easy to say that you'll exercise every day. But you'll need a plan. As you design your fitness program, keep these points in mind:
1.    Consider your fitness goals. Are you starting a fitness program to help lose weight? Or do you have another motivation, such as preparing for a marathon? Having clear goals can help you gauge your progress.
2.    Create a balanced routine. Most adults should aim for at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic activity — or 75 minutes of vigorous aerobic activity — a week. Adults also need two or more days of strength training a week.
3.    Go at your own pace. If you're just beginning to exercise, start cautiously and progress slowly. If you have an injury or a medical condition, consult your doctor or a physical therapist for help designing a fitness program that gradually improves your range of motion, strength and endurance.
4.    Build activity into your daily routine. Finding time to exercise can be a challenge. To make it easier, schedule time to exercise as you would any other appointment. Plan to watch your favorite show while walking on the treadmill, or read while riding a stationary bike.
5.    Plan to include different activities. Different activities (cross-training) can keep exercise boredom at bay. Cross-training also reduces your chances of injuring or overusing one specific muscle or joint. Plan to alternate among activities that emphasize different parts of your body, such as walking, swimming and strength training.
6    Allow time for recovery. Many people start exercising with frenzied zeal — working out too long or too intensely — and give up when their muscles and joints become sore or injured. Plan time between sessions for your body to rest and recover.
7    Put it on paper. A written plan may encourage you to stay on track.

Step 3: Assemble Your Equipment For Fitness:

You'll probably start with athletic shoes. Be sure to pick shoes designed for the activity you have in mind.
If you're planning to invest in exercise equipment, choose something that's practical, enjoyable and easy to use. You may want to try out certain types of equipment at a fitness center before investing in your own equipment. To stretch your exercise dollars, consider buying used equipment. Or get creative. Make your own weights by filling old socks with beans or pennies, or by partially filling a half-gallon milk jug with water or sand and securing the tops with duct tape.

Step 4: Get Started For Fitness:

Now you're ready for action. As you begin your fitness program, keep these tips in mind:
1    Start slowly and build up gradually. Give yourself plenty of time to warm up and cool down with easy walking or gentle stretching. Then speed up to a pace you can continue for five to 10 minutes without getting overly tired. As your stamina improves, gradually increase the amount of time you exercise. Work your way up to 30 to 60 minutes of exercise most days of the week.
2    Break things up if you have to. You don't have to do all your exercise at one time. Shorter but more-frequent sessions have aerobic benefits, too. Fifteen minutes of exercise a couple of times a day may fit into your schedule better than a single 30-minute session.
3    Be creative. Maybe your workout routine includes various activities, such as walking, bicycling or rowing. But don't stop there. Take a weekend hike with your family or spend an evening ballroom dancing.
4    Listen to your body. If you feel pain, shortness of breath, dizziness or nausea, take a break. You may be pushing yourself too hard.
5    Be flexible. If you're not feeling good, give yourself permission to take a day or two off.

Step 5: Monitor Your Progress For Fitness: 

Retake your personal fitness assessment six weeks after you start your program and then again every three to six months. You may notice that you need to increase the amount of time you exercise in order to continue improving. Or you may be pleasantly surprised to find that you're exercising just the right amount to meet your fitness goals.
If you lose motivation, set new goals or try a new activity. Exercising with a friend or taking a class at a fitness center may help, too.
Starting an exercise program is an important decision. But it doesn't have to be an overwhelming one. By planning carefully and pacing yourself, you can establish a healthy habit that lasts a lifetime.

EXERCISE

Exercise

Want to feel better, have more energy and perhaps even live longer? Look no further than exercise. The health benefits of regular exercise and physical activity are hard to ignore. And the benefits of exercise are yours for the taking, regardless of your age, sex or physical ability. Need more convincing to exercise? Check out these seven ways exercise can improve your life.No. 1: 

Exercise controls weight

Exercise can help prevent excess weight gain or help maintain weight loss. When you engage in physical activity, you burn calories. The more intense the activity, the more calories you burn. You don't need to set aside large chunks of time for exercise to reap weight-loss benefits. If you can't do an actual workout, get more active throughout the day in simple ways — by taking the stairs instead of the elevator or revving up your household chores.

No. 2: Exercise combats health conditions and diseases

Worried about heart disease? Hoping to prevent high blood pressure? No matter what your current weight, being active boosts high-density lipoprotein (HDL), or "good," cholesterol and decreases unhealthy triglycerides. This one-two punch keeps your blood flowing smoothly, which decreases your risk of cardiovascular diseases. In fact, regular physical activity can help you prevent or manage a wide range of health problems and concerns, including stroke, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, depression, certain types of cancer, arthritis and falls.

No. 3: Exercise improves mood

Need an emotional lift? Or need to blow off some steam after a stressful day? A workout at the gym or a brisk 30-minute walk can help. Physical activity stimulates various brain chemicals that may leave you feeling happier and more relaxed. You may also feel better about your appearance and yourself when you exercise regularly, which can boost your confidence and improve your self-esteem.

No. 4: Exercise boosts energy

Winded by grocery shopping or household chores? Regular physical activity can improve your muscle strength and boost your endurance. Exercise and physical activity deliver oxygen and nutrients to your tissues and help your cardiovascular system work more efficiently. And when your heart and lungs work more efficiently, you have more energy to go about your daily chores.

No. 5: Exercise promotes better sleep

Struggling to fall asleep? Or to stay asleep? Regular physical activity can help you fall asleep faster and deepen your sleep. Just don't exercise too close to bedtime, or you may be too energized to fall asleep.

No. 6: Exercise puts the spark back into your sex life

Do you feel too tired or too out of shape to enjoy physical intimacy? Regular physical activity can leave you feeling energized and looking better, which may have a positive effect on your sex life. But there's more to it than that. Regular physical activity can lead to enhanced arousal for women. And men who exercise regularly are less likely to have problems with erectile dysfunction than are men who don't exercise.

No. 7: Exercise can be fun

Exercise and physical activity can be a fun way to spend some time. It gives you a chance to unwind, enjoy the outdoors or simply engage in activities that make you happy. Physical activity can also help you connect with family or friends in a fun social setting. So, take a dance class, hit the hiking trails or join a soccer team. Find a physical activity you enjoy, and just do it. If you get bored, try something new.

WOMEN RIGHTS

Women's Rights

Women’s rights around the world is an important indicator to understand global well-being.
A major global women’s rights treaty was ratified by the majority of the world’s nations a few decades ago.
Yet, despite many successes in empowering women, numerous issues still exist in all areas of life, ranging from the cultural, political to the economic. For example, women often work more than men, yet are paid less; gender discrimination affects girls and women throughout their lifetime; and women and girls are often are the ones that suffer the most poverty.

Many may think that women’s rights are only an issue in countries where religion is law, such as many Muslim countries. Or even worse, some may think this is no longer an issue at all. But reading this report about the United Nation’s Women’s Treaty and how an increasing number of countries are lodging reservations, will show otherwise.Gender equality furthers the cause of child survival and development for all of society, so the importance of women’s rights and gender equality should not be underestimated.

The informal slogan of the Decade of Women became “Women do two-thirds of the world’s work, receive 10 percent of the world’s income and own 1 percent of the means of production.”
 Richard H. Robbins, Global Problems and the Culture of Capitalism, (Allyn and Bacon, 1999), p. 354

EXAM PREPARATION

EXAME STRATEGIES

Exam day has come, and you know you have prepared adequately, but you may still be anxious when the time comes to actually take the exam. Don’t be embarrassed. Many students feel stressed, nervous, and worried when they have to demonstrate what they’ve learned through an exam.
The following tips will guide you through exam day. Remember that every exam is different. This test-taking guide is written in a general sense, with an eye toward the typical college-level exam.

Preparation for exam day

SLEEP

Sleep

A condition of body and mind such as that which typically recurs for several hours every night, in which the nervous system is inactive,...

What is Sleep?

We all have at least a vague notion of what sleep is, but that doesn't mean that defining this mysterious part of our lives is simple. After all, detailed analysis of our own sleep isn't really an option, given that we rarely know that we're sleeping when we're asleep. And even if we observe the sleep of others, so much of what they experience—changes in the functions of their brains and bodies—is not easily seen from the outside.

Sleep scientists have explored these changes in depth, and their definition of sleep is tied to characteristic patterns of brain waves and other physiological functions. Features in this section describe and explain the significance of typical sleep patterns, as well as a variety of factors that disrupt these patterns.

Every night, nearly every person undergoes a remarkable change: we leave waking consciousness and for hours traverse a landscape of dreams and deep sleep. When we wake, we typically remember little or nothing about the hours that have just passed. Except in rare instances, we never contemplate and appreciate that we are sleeping while we are asleep. Thus, although everyone sleeps, most people would be hard-pressed to precisely define sleep. All organisms exhibit daily patterns of rest and activity that resemble the daily sleep and wakefulness patterns seen in humans. From observing changes in behavior and responsiveness, scientists have noted the following characteristics that accompany and in many ways define sleep:

    Sleep is a period of reduced activity.

    Sleep is associated with a typical posture, such as lying down with eyes closed in humans.

    Sleep results in a decreased responsiveness to external stimuli.

    Sleep is a state that is relatively easy to reverse (this distinguishes sleep from other states of reduced consciousness, such as hibernation and coma).

From observations of behavioral changes that accompany sleep and simultaneous physiological changes, scientists now define sleep in humans based on brain wave activity patterns and other physiological changes as described below.

Physiological Changes During Sleep

Many physiological variables are controlled during wakefulness at levels that are optimal for the body’s functioning. Our temperature, blood pressure, and levels of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and glucose in the blood remain quite constant during wakefulness. During sleep, however, physiological demands are reduced and temperature and blood pressure drop. In general, many of our physiological functions such as brain wave activity, breathing, and heart rate are quite variable when we are awake or during REM sleep, but are extremely regular when we are in non-REM sleep.

Brain Activity in Sleep

For centuries, physicians believed that sleep was a period of brain inactivity, yet research over the last 60 
years has shown us that the brain remains active during sleep. There is a progressive decrease in the activation or "firing" rate of most neurons throughout the brain as sleep progresses from wakefulness to non-REM sleep. Also, the patterns of neuron firing change from a seemingly random and variable activity pattern during wakefulness, to a much more coordinated and synchronous pattern during non-REM sleep.

STUDY SMART BEFORE EXAM

STUDY SMART BEFORE EXAM

Many college students feel stressed and overwhelmed when a test or exam is approaching. By studying for tests in a smarter way, you will save time and be prepared to ace your exams. In addition to the reading and note-taking tips you’ve read about, you can take advantage of specific tips to enhance your exam preparation. Below is a detailed list of common study methods college students use to prepare for exams.
Explore common study methods

Image-word association – (Exam)

This study method associates words with images. Some people memorize best when they can visualize a word or concept in their head. Students who use this method associate an unknown term or concept with something they already know. For example, if a term in your textbook sounds like an object you already know, picture that object in your head every time you say or read that word. Relating an unfamiliar term to a familiar image can help you to remember it more easily.

Acronyms and mnemonic devices – (Exam)

An acronym is a combination of letters that can be used to help you memorize a term or concept. You can combine the first letter of each word of a compound term or idea to spell a word that is easy to recall. For example, one of the most common acronyms people use every day is ASAP, which stands for as soon as possible. Acronyms are just one tool that students use to remember course material. In order to remember the order of items in a series, some students create sayings that begin with the first letter of each item in that series. A basic example is the saying that younger students use to remember which order north, east, south, and west appear on a compass: Never Eat Soggy Worms. Notice how the first letter of each term correlates with the order or direction on a compass. You can come up with personal and creative ways to use mnemonic devices to study for a test. Create something that is useful and easily memorable to you.

Hide-write-compare – (Exam)

CHILD LABOR

Child Labor

God has given human beings the boon of wisdom and discretion to think upon the signs of the universe and to draw conclusions. That is the reason why they disclose the hidden facts of it and its structure and have made remarkable progress in many walks of life. Children are the flowers of heaven. They are the most beautiful and purest creation of God. They are innocent both inwardly and outwardly. No doubt, they are the beauty of this world. Early in the morning when the children put on different kinds of clothes and begin to go to schools for the sake of knowledge, we feel a specific kind of joy through their innocence.

But there are also other children, those who cannot go to schools due to financial problems, they only watch others go to schools and can merely wish to seek knowledge.It is due to many hindrances and difficulties; desperate conditions that they face in life. Having been forced to kill their aspirations, dreams and other wishes, they are pressed to earn a living for themselves and for their families. It is also a fact that there are many children who play a key role in sustaining the economically life of their family without which, their families would not be able to make ends meet. These are also part of our society who have forgotten the pleasures of their childhood. When a child in addition to getting education, earns his livelihood, this act of earning a livelihood is called as child Labour.

What is Child Labor?

Child labor is work that harms children or keeps them from attending school. Around the world and in the U. S., growing gaps between rich and poor in recent decades have forced millions of young children out of school and into work. The International Labor Organization estimates that 215 million children between the ages of 5 and 17 currently work under conditions that are considered illegal, hazardous, or extremely exploitative. Underage children work at all sorts of jobs around the world, usually because they and their families are extremely poor. Large numbers of children work in commercial agriculture, fishing, manufacturing, mining, and domestic service. Some children work in illicit activities like the drug trade and prostitution or other traumatic activities such as serving as soldiers.

Another definition states:(Child Labor)

“Child Labour” is generally speaking work for children that harms them or exploits them in some way (physically, mentally, morally or blocking access to education),
United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund(UNICEF) defines “child” as anyone below the age of 18, and “child Labour” as some type of work performed by children below age 18. (UNICEF)

Child Labor in U.S. History

Forms of child labor, including indentured servitude and child slavery, have existed throughout American history. As industrialization moved workers from farms and home workshops into urban areas and factory work, children were often preferred, because factory owners viewed them as more manageable, cheaper, and less likely to strike. Growing opposition to child labor in the North caused many factories to move to the South. By 1900, states varied considerably in whether they had child labor standards and in their content and degree of enforcement. By then, American children worked in large numbers in mines, glass factories, textiles, agriculture, canneries, home industries, and as newsboys, messengers, bootblacks, and peddlers.

Question of Priorities

Question of Priorities

This is apropos your editorial “Question of Priorities” (May 30). Taking a cue from Nawab Sharif,  the argument present in editorial is odd one, i.e, ‘guns vs butter’- Pakistan’s present economic woes, particularly the power crisis, owe a great deal to defence spending and creating a ‘ balance’ between  the two will pave a way for economic development.
The argument is an over simplification of economic problems facing Pakistan today and requires intellectual scrutiny on several accounts.
First, there is no causative relationship between defence spending and economic challenges/miseries or, to be more precise, between being a nuclear weapons power and lack of electricity.
Rather it is the economic system that allows privatization of energy resources which in the first place  caused of the present power cirisis. So we have the power crisis not because of  nuclear programme.
On the contrary, the national economy organised  around the defend industry has potential to generate an economic revival as happened with the leading nations of world today. Moreover, since pakistan’s nuclear program is indigenous, it is cheap contrary to the conjectured annul  estimates like $2.5 billion  dollars.
Second, there will be no butter if  there is no gun,  i.e, economic development requires a secure strategic environment which nuclear weapons provide.
On a more proactive visible r a balanced role of the political leadership in the nuclear decision making, the onus lies solely on the political leadership as we have witness that the presnt political system has not produced the requisite leadership that genuinely takes interests in these strategic matters.
Third, the policy of engagement with India needs to be understood in the present overall strategic context of the region. The US needs Pakistan’s cooperation in propping up India as a regionlal hegemonist to contain chaina in the region as envisioned in its Asia-Pacific pivot policy.
This means de- escalation between India and Pakistan without the resolution of pending territorial disputes. This configuration of india Pakistan relationship, driven by extra interests, does not promote Pakistan ‘s security in the region.
Supporting ‘regional peace’ on India terms will weaken Pakistan’s strategic power immensely as it has  already lost a significant political capital by allying itself with the US war in Afghanistan. We cannot afford to lose the rest.
Majid Mahmood
Assistant Research Officer
Center for International Strategic
Studies
Islamabad.  
(This is a Letter to Editor Of Dated 9June,2013 in DAWN News paper Pakistan.)

Math

Learn Mathematics Tips/ How to Learn Mathematics

1. Always read math problems completely before beginning any calculations.  If you "glance" too quickly at a problem, you may misunderstand what really needs to be done to complete the problem.

2. Whenever possible, draw a diagram.  Even though you may be able to visualize the situation mentally, a hand drawn diagram will allow you to label the picture, to add auxiliary lines, and to view the situation from different perspectives.

3.Know your calculator!  If you must borrow a calculator from your teacher, be sure that you have used that "brand" of calculator on previous occasions.  If you are not familiar with how a particular calculator works, your calculations may be incorrect.

4.If you know that your answer to a question is incorrect, and you cannot find your mistake, start over on a clean piece of paper.  Oftentimes when you try to correct a problem, you continually overlook the mistake.  Starting over on a clean piece of paper will let you focus on the question, not on trying to find the error.

5.Do not feel that you must use every number in a problem when doing your calculations. Some mathematics problems have "extra" information.  These questions are testing your ability to recognize the needed information, as well as your mathematical skills.

6.Be sure that you are working in the same units of measure when performing calculations.  If a problem involves inches, feet AND yards, be sure to make the appropriate conversions so that all of your values are in the same unit of measure (for example, change all values to feet).

7.Be sure that your answer "makes sense" (or is logical).  For example, if a question asks you to find the number of feet in a drawing and your answer comes out to be a negative number, know that this answer is incorrect.  (Distance is a positive concept - we cannot measure negative feet.)

8.Remember, that it may be necessary to "solve" for additional information in a problem before being able to arrive at the final answer.  These questions are called "two-step" problems and are testing your ability to recognize what information is needed to arrive at an answer.

9.If time permits, go back and resolve the more difficult problems on the test on a separate piece of paper.  If these "new" answers are the same as your previous answers, chances are good that your solution is correct.

10.Remain confident!  Do not get flustered!  Focus on what you DO know, not on what you do not know.  You know a LOT of math!!

11.When asked to "show work" or "justify your answer", don't be lazy.  Write down EVERYTHING about the problem, including the work you did on your calculator. Include diagrams, calculations, equations, and explanations written in complete sentences.  Now is the time to "show off" what you really can do with this problem.

12.If you are "stuck" on a particular problem, go on with the rest of the test.  Oftentimes, while solving a new problem, you will get an idea as to how to attack that difficult problem.

13.If you simply cannot determine the answer to a question, make a guess.  Think about the problem and the information you know to be true.  Make a guess that will be logical based upon the conditions of the problem.

14.In certain problems, you may be able to "guess" at an approximate (or reasonable) answer.  After you perform your calculations, see if your final answer is close to your guess.
Here are some "how-to's" that will come in handy.

HOW TO CHANGE IP ADDRESS

What is an IP address?

Every device connected to the public Internet is assigned a unique number known as an Internet Protocol (IP) address. IP addresses consist of four numbers separated by periods (also called a 'dotted-quad') and look something like 127.0.0.1.

Since these numbers are usually assigned to internet service providers within region-based blocks, an IP address can often be used to identify the region or country from which a computer is connecting to the Internet. An IP address can sometimes be used to show the user's general location.

Because the numbers may be tedious to deal with, an IP address may also be assigned to a Host name, which is sometimes easier to remember. Hostnames may be looked up to find IP addresses, and vice-versa. At one time ISPs issued one IP address to each user. These are called static IP addresses. Because there is a limited number of IP addresses and with increased usage of the internet ISPs now issue IP addresses in a dynamic fashion out of a pool of IP addresses (Using DHCP). These are referred to as dynamic IP addresses. This also limits the ability of the user to host websites, mail servers, ftp servers, etc. In addition to users connecting to the internet, with virtual hosting, a single machine can act like multiple machines (with multiple domain names and IP addresses).

Was ist eine IP-Adresse?

Jedes Gerät, dass zum Internet verbunden ist, hat eine eindeutige Nummer zugewiesen, bekannt als Internet Protocol Adress (IP). IP Adressen bestehen aus vier Nummern, die durch Punkte (auch genannt "Dotted-Quad") getrennt werden. Eine Adresse kann so aussehen: 127.0.0.1.

Seitdem diese Nummern normalerweise einem Provider zugeordnet werden, der diesen Regionen zuteilt, kann eine IP Adresse dazu benutzt werden, die Region oder das Land herauszufinden, von dem ein Computer sich zum Internet verbindet. Manchmal kann eine IP Adresse sogar benutzt werden, um die exakte des Computers zu zeigen.

Weil es schwer ist, sich an solche Nummern zu erinnern, können IP Adressen einem Host Namen zugeordnet werden, an den man sich leichter erinnert. Host Namen können dazu verwendet werden IP Adressen zu finden und umgekehrt. Einst vergaben Provider IP Adressen an jeden Benutzer. Diese nennt man statische IP Adressen. Weil es nur eine begrenzte Anzahl an an IP Adressen gibt und da die Vergabe von IP Adressen stetig ansteigt, vergeben die Provider jetzt in einer dynamischen Art Adressen aus einer Gruppe von IP Adressen heraus (mittels DHCP). Diese bezeichnet man als dynamische IP Adressen. Das begrenzt allerdings auch die Fähigkeiten eines Nutzers Webseiten, Mail Server, FTP Server und andere zu hosten. Zusätzlich zu Nutzern die sich zum Internet verbinden, kann mit virtuellem Hosting eine einziger Rechner wie mehrere Rechner zusammen auftreten (Mit verschiedenen Domains, Namen und IP Adressen).

How do I change my IP address?

"How do I change my IP address?" and "Can I change my IP address?" are probably the most commonly asked questions. Please attempt the following then, if that does not work, visit the Change IP Address forum.

Before trying any other methods to change your IP address, try turning off (or unplugging the power of) your Cable/DSL modem for five minutes. In many cases this will change your IP address. However, if that does not change your IP address, repeat the process for 8 hours (overnight works well) instead of 5 minutes. Hopefully this will result in an IP change.

If the above does not result in your IP address changing, please look through the below for the situation that best matches yours and attempt to change your IP address that way. Unfortunately you are not able to get your IP address to change in all cases, as it is ultimately determined by your ISP's DHCP configuration (when you've got a dynamically assigned IP address, that is.)

Windows

- Computer connected directly to the modem

MANAGE TIME FOR STUDY

MANAGE YOUR TIME

When it comes to studying, managing your time is of the upmost importance. You should determine how much time spent studying is enough, which varies from student to student and from one class to another. Continue reading to discover helpful tips for better managing your time studying.

How much time should I spend studying?

The amount of time you should spend studying depends on how many classes you are enrolled in, your personal study habits, and your educational goals. As a general rule of thumb, most professors suggest that college students spend about two hours studying per week for each credit hour they take. However, recent studies have shown that most students only spend one hour studying per credit hour—just half of what is recommended to be successful. Most college courses are three to four credit hours, so this means that for each class you should spend about six to eight hours studying. Full-time students should anticipate spending about 30 hours each week studying. To many students, this can seem overwhelming, but if you manage your time correctly, your studying will become more productive and will help you perform better in both traditional and online courses.

Can I study too much?

Yes! Keep in mind that while you should spend the appropriate amount of time studying, going overboard is counterproductive. Students often mistakenly think that if they spend an excessive amount of time studying they will be better prepared. Long study sessions often become boring, and when your mind starts to wander, this study time is wasted. Spending an entire day cramming before a big exam is not the way to go. Learn how long you tend to concentrate on different subjects so that you can schedule focused, effective study sessions.

How to manage your time effectively

In addition to assessing your ability to concentrate on certain tasks, you’ll need to learn how to balance your personal life with your schoolwork. While college students devote a significant amount of their time to attending class and studying outside the classroom, they also have personal commitments like work, family, and friends they need to take into consideration. Neglecting other aspects of your life only works for so long; you’ll be more successful in the long run if you strike a healthy balance that incorporates these other parts of life in your schedule. Take a look at the following tips that can help you develop an integral time management plan.

Tip #1: Make a detailed study schedule and write it down – 

Instead of just determining times to study in your head, make a subject-specific schedule and mark your calendar so you can be reminded every time you look at it. You will be more likely to follow through with your study plan if it is clearly marked on your calendar. Include your schedule in your cell phone and set regular pop-up reminders that you will have to close before sending your next text message. Making a schedule and sticking to it will allow you to develop a routine that you can easily follow. Remember, you will have to revise your study schedule each semester to accommodate your class schedule and your other changing commitments.

Tip #2: Prioritize your assignments – 

Prioritizing your assignments is a good way to ensure you spend the appropriate amount of time studying for each class or subject. Devote more time to studying subjects that are new to you or those in which your grade needs improvement. Also, remember to study the harder subjects first so that you tackle them with a fresh mind. Additionally, you should organize your studies with important tests or exams in mind. If an exam in one course has been postponed, modify your study schedule to prioritize more immediate tests and projects. However, don’t neglect postponed tests altogether; take advantage of the extra time to review material during short study times each day.

Tip #3: Prepare for temptation – 

The best way to overcome the temptation to put personal activities before studying is to anticipate these distractions. Attending college and earning good grades is almost like a full-time job, so your studies will have to take priority over socializing or other activities. You will inevitably compromise at some point, but don’t get discouraged. Rather, learn from your mistakes, and look for patterns in the times you put off studying. By knowing your weaknesses, you’ll be better prepared to resist temptation. Additionally, establish a way to reward yourself with fun activities after you finish a study session. This will give you the extra boost of energy to accomplish what you need to so you can enjoy spending time with your friends and family.