Capital Punishment

Capital Punishment:

Definition:

The legally authorized killing of someone as punishment for a crime.

Explanation:

Capital punishment is the practice of executing someone as punishment for a specific crime after a proper legal trial. It can only be used by a state, so when non-state organizations speak of having 'executed' a person they have actually committed a murder. Capital punishment is the death penalty. It is used today and was used in ancient times to punish a variety of crimes; The Death Penalty is a controversial issue because there are people that state the Death Penalty is wrong and good in some way.

Historical background

In 1947, at the time of independence, only homicide and treason were punishable by death penalty. The important evolution occurred between 1977 and 1988 under General Zia ul Haq’s regime, and the beginning of the Islamisation of the country. The peak of executions by year was reached in 1978, with 207 executions. The lowest happened in 1989, where no execution took place....

Euthanasia

Euthanasia:

Definition:

“Euthanasia is the intentional killing by act or omission of a person whose life is felt not to be worth living.”  

Introduction:

Euthanasia - refers to the practice of ending a life in a painless manner. Many different forms of euthanasia can be distinguished, including animal euthanasia and human euthanasia, and within the latter, voluntary and involuntary euthanasia. Voluntary euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide have been the focus of great controversy in recent years.

History:

The term euthanasia comes from the Greek word which means “well-death” . Hippocrates mentions euthanasia in the Hippocratic Oath, which was written between 400 and 300 B.C. The original Oath states: “To please no one will I prescribe a deadly drug nor give advice which may cause his death.”

Classification of Euthanasia:

Euthanasia by consent:

 Euthanasia may be conducted with consent (voluntary euthanasia) or without consent (involuntary euthanasia). Involuntary euthanasia is conducted where an individual makes a decision for another person incapable of doing so.

Euthanasia by means:

Euthanasia may be conducted passively, non-actively, and actively. Passive euthanasia entails the withholding of common treatments (such as antibiotics, chemotherapy in cancer, or surgery) or the distribution of a medication (such as morphine) to relieve pain, knowing that it may also result in death (principle of double effect).

A Controversial Contemporary Issue

The facts:

Euthanasia comes from two Greek words meaning “good death”. In contemporary debate it refers to the deliberate killing of a person supposedly for the benefit of that person. It is sometimes termed “mercy killing”. In most cases euthanasia is carried out because the person who dies asks for it (voluntary euthanasia), but there are cases of euthanasia where a person can't make such a request (involuntary euthanasia). A person who undergoes euthanasia is usually terminally ill, but there are other situations in which some people want euthanasia. Below you’ll find some of the main arguments that are used in favour and against euthanasia.

MEDIA ETHICS REPORT

MEDIA ETHICS

Introduction

For many years now, globally, the media has assumed and reinforced its important role as a legitimate reflection of public interest and opinion. Since Edmund Burke’s famous remarks made in the House of Commons in England in 1774 in recognition of the important contributions the press made, the place and position of the media in society and governance structure of states continues to be recognized and consolidated as the fourth estate. This is very true of the Pakistani media which is fast becoming a strong pillar, catalyst and tool of democracy since 1994 when Pakistan re-embraced multi-party democracy with a liberalized, plural media..... 

Ethical Conduct a safeguard of Media Freedom  The initiative by the Pakistan Electoral Commission (MEC) to facilitate a process of self regulation through a code of practice to guide the conduct of the media during the 2009 general elections lies at the heart of Media Council of Pakistan’s (MCP) mandate to safeguard media freedom through self regulation. The number one objective of Media Council  of  Pakistan  is  to  defend  and  safeguard  media  freedom  in  Pakistan......

Bad News Letter

"Bad News" Response to Request/Complaint Letters
Write a Bad News letter is a art because here bad news is not mentioned first. There are some techenique are:

• Don't deliver the bad news in the opening paragraph.
    
• Always try to tell what you CAN do before you say what you CAN'T do.
    
• Explain the WHY before you deliver the bad news. For many readers, once they see the NO they don't pay attention to the WHY.
    
• Remember that a major goal is to maintain a positive relationship with the reader. Do whatever you can to help the reader understand and accept your message.
   
• When you are through writing the letter, make sure the message that you cannot grant the request is clear.
  

Good News Letter

Good News

• General guidelines for answering request letters include:
     
• Be prompt and courteous
• Be sure that your responses are complete--that they include all needed information
• If you are giving some positive and some negative responses, give the positive responses first. Try to emphasis what you can do--not what you can't do.
       
• The body of the very simplest "good news" letter is often just two paragraphs. In these letters the "good news" is given in the opening. Any "call for action" and your marketing statement are put in the second paragraph. Simple details, such as when a package will be shipped, can be put either at the end of the first paragraph or the beginning of the second.
    
• More complex "good news" letters would include those where conditions must be met in order for the request to be granted, or those letters where only part of the request can be granted . These letters are usually three or more paragraphs in length.

Request Letters

Simple Request Letters

• The body of the very simplest request letter is usually only one or two paragraphs. This is especially true if there is some incentive for the receiving party to respond to your request in a positive way. An example of this would be a letter where you are requesting additional information that might lead to a purchase of merchandise from the company.
    
• In more complex request letters where there is no incentive for the receiver of your letter to grant your request, your letter will need to include some persuasive writing.  Often the sales letter format, discussed later, is used for the most complex request letters, such as when you are asking for monetary donations.
  

How To Write Letter

How to Write an Effective Letter:

To write a letter is a techiqual work or can say an art. Today our discussion will be on Writting a letter, how we can write effective business letter? what are the element which improve our writing skills and how letter effect goodwill of our business? These all quiries will be solved below:

Business letters account for about 90% of all written communications. A well-written letter can advance your career, clarify a business plan, make a sale, satisfy your clients or customers, motivate your staff, enhance your social life, improve a personal relationship, or further your personal well-being. Your success in business depends on your ability to write effective letters.

An effective letter:

• grabs the reader's attention
• provides information, makes a recommendation, or asks for action
• supports your position or explains benefits to reader
• mentions next steps and deadlines

Here’s how you can impress your readers and make your letter stand out from the crowd...

Plan Your Letter

Whether you have to compose a thank-you note or a collection letter, always plan what you want to say to the reader before you begin to write your actual letter. A plan, or outline, will help you organize your thoughts and all the points you need to cover.

·         Know your purpose before write letter:

Think about why you are writing the letter and what you hope to achieve by writing it. Decide what your main point will be.

"Good News" Response to Request/Complaint Letters

"Good News" Response to Request/Complaint Letters:
A letter represents your company’s public image and your competence.

General guidelines for answering request letters include:

• Be prompt and courteous
• Be sure that your responses are complete--that they include all needed information
• If you are giving some positive and some negative responses, give the positive responses first. Try to emphasis what you can do--not what you can't do.

Therefore, there are some more technique to write a letter such as:
¡  Analyze Your Audience: 
  o   Who is my audience? 
  o   Will my audience be favorably or unfavorably disposed to what I am going to say? 
  o   What kinds of information will my audience expect me to supply? 
  o   How will my audience use the information I am sending? 
  o   What impression do I want my letter to make on readers? 
¡  Have a clear sense of your purpose and theirs 
¡  Select the best communication strategy 
¡  Draft, revise, and edit your letter

Shamrock Structure

Shamrock Structure:

Management theory - Handy's Shamrock Organisation

Shamrock Organization is an organizational structure where a core of essential executives and workers are supported by outside contractors and part-time help. The shamrock leaf shape is a symbolic representation of an organization with three types of workforce.

• The first leaf of the shamrock represents the multi-skilled core of professional technicians and managers, essential to the continuity of the business

Iflation Essay Free Download

Inflation

Sometimes wrong decisions of our politicians create dreadful monsters. Inflation is one of the horrible monsters in that list. Inflation causes due to increase in money supply, foreign aid, unfavorable balance of payment and increase in population rate.

Due to increase in money supply the price of goods also shoot up. And this also causes a social threat due to enhancement in price level. People are deprived of from basic necessities, so when they cannot fulfill their basic

Organizational Structure and Design Presentation Free Download

Organizational Structure and Design

L E A R N I N G  O U T L I N E
Follow this Learning Outline as you read and study this chapter.

Defining Organizational Structure

Discuss the traditional and contemporary views of work specialization, chain of command, and span of control.

Organizational Design Decisions

Contrast mechanistic and organic organizations.

Explain the relationship between strategy and structure……..

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Common Organizational Designs

Contrast the three traditional organizational designs.

Explain team, matrix, and project structures……….

Defining Organizational Structure

Organizational Structure

The formal arrangement of jobs within an organization.

Organizational Design

A process involving decisions about six key elements:

Work Specialization

The degree to which tasks in the organization are divided into separate jobs with each step completed by a different person.Overspecialization can result in human diseconomies from boredom, fatigue, stress, poor quality, increased absenteeism, and higher turnover.

Departmentalization by Type

•         Functional

•         Product

•         Geographical

•         Process

•         Customer

Chain of Command

The continuous line of authority that extends from upper levels of an organization to the lowest levels of the organization and clarifies who reports to who.

Unity of Command

The concept that a person should have one boss and should report only to that person

Span of Control

The number of employees who can be effectively and efficiently supervised by a manager.

Width of span is affected by:

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Centralization

The degree to which decision-making is concentrated at a single point in the organizations.

Organizations in which top managers make all the decisions and lower-level employees simply carry out those orders.

Decentralization

Organizations in which decision-making is pushed down to the managers who are closest to the action…

Organizational Designs (cont’d)

Contemporary Organizational Designs

Team structures

The entire organization is made up of work groups or self-managed teams of empowered employees.

Matrix and project structures

Specialists from different functional departments are assigned to work on projects led by project managers.

Matrix and project participants have two managers……………

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History of Valentine

History of Valentine

Every year, the fourteenth day of the month of February has millions across the world presenting their loved ones with candy, flowers, chocolates and other lovely gifts. In many countries, restaurants and eateries are seen to be filled with couples who are eager to celebrate their relationship and the joy of their togetherness through delicious cuisines. There hardly seems to be a young man or woman who is not keen to make the most of the day.

The reason behind all of this is a kindly cleric named Valentine who died more than a thousand years ago.

It is not exactly known why the 14th of February is known as Valentine's Day or if the noble     

Valentine really had any relation to this day. The history of Valentine's Day is impossible to be obtained from any archive and the veil of centuries gone by has made the origin behind this day more difficult to trace. It is only some legends that are our source for the history of Valentine's Day.

The modern St. Valentine's Day celebrations are said to have been derived from both ancient Christian and Roman tradition. As per one legend, the holiday has originated from the ancient Roman festival of Lupercalis/Lupercalia, a fertility celebration that used to observed annually on February 15. But the rise of Christianity in Europe saw many pagan holidays being renamed for and dedicated to the early Christian martyrs. Lupercalia was no exception. In 496 AD, Pope Gelasius turned Lupercalia into a Christian feast day and set its observance a day earlier, on February 14. He proclaimed February 14 to be the feast day in honor of Saint Valentine, a Roman martyr who lived in the 3rd century. It is this St. Valentine whom the modern Valentine's Day honors....... see more



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