HOMICIDE

Word homicide means:

The deliberate and unlawful killing of one person by another; murder.
"Homicide is when a man of sound memory, and of the age of discretion, unlawfully killeth within any country of the realm any reasonable creature in rerum natura under the King's peace, with malice aforethought, either expressed by the party or implied by law, so as the party wounded, or hurt, etc. die of the wound or hurt, etc. within a year and a day after the same."
Although the term homicide is sometimes used synonymously with murder, homicide is broader in scope than murder. Murder is a form of criminal homicide; other forms of homicide might not constitute criminal acts. These homicides are regarded as justified or excusable. For example, individuals may, in a necessary act of Self-Defense, kill a person who threatens them with death or serious injury, or they may be commanded or authorized by law to kill a person who is a member of an enemy force or who has committed a serious crime

Types of Homicide

Press Release

Press Release

A press release is a written statement to the media. They can announce a range of news items, including scheduled events, personnel promotions, awards, new products and services, sales accomplishments, etc. They can also be used in generating a feature story. Reporters are more likely to consider a story idea if they first receive a press release. It is a fundamental tool of PR work, one that anyone who's willing to use the proper format can use. We'll show you how. 

How to Write a Press Release?

So, how to write a press release? That's a million dollar question. If done right, it can indeed bring you a million dollars in revenue. Let's get started by answering what a press release is.

"A press release is simply a statement prepared for distribution to the news media announcing something claimed as having news value with the intent of gaining media coverage."

A press release consists of following elements:

Headline

The headline is the first single line of text in the press release and tells what the press release is about. It can be a very effective tool to grab the attention of the journalists, so writing it from a journalists perspective is very important. Think what headlines catch your eyes in the newspaper.

The headline should be descriptive but not too long. For the later reason, PRLog limits it to 100 characters. The headline should be formatted in title case, that is, each word in the sentence should have first letter capitalized, and rest of the letters in lowercase. Acronyms can be in uppercase.

Summary

The summary lets you build up your chance to sell your press release to the journalist. It is generally a requirement of online press release services. Identify a unique feature about your product or service and then write how it is going to revolutionize the world.

The summary should be a single paragraph with about three to five lines. Beyond 250 characters is too long, so this is the limit for PRLog. All sentences in the summary should be in sentence case, that is, only first letter of a sentence should be capital, and all others should be lowercase. Again, acronyms can be all capital letters.

Body

LETTER TO EDITOR

What is a letter to the editor?

You feel strongly about an issue, and you want to let people know what you think. You believe you can even influence people to take some action if you speak your mind. But, you want to reach an audience larger than just your friends or your group membership. Letters to the editor can be an effective way to get the word out.

A letter to the editor is a written way of talking to a newspaper, magazine, or other regularly printed publication. Letters to the editor are generally found in the first section of the newspaper, or towards the beginning of a magazine, or in the editorial page. They can take a position for or against an issue, or simply inform, or both. They can convince readers by using emotions, or facts, or emotions and facts combined. Letters to the editor are usually short and tight, rarely longer than 300 words.

Using a few carefully placed letters, you can generate plenty of community discussion. You can also keep an issue going by preventing it from disappearing from the public eye. You can stimulate the interest of the news media and create more coverage for the matters you're working on. You can also send a "good news" letter to bring recognition to people who deserve it or acknowledge the success of an effort.

How do you write a letter to the editor?

1. Open the letter with a simple salutation.

Don't worry if you don't know the editor's name. A simple "To the Editor of the Daily Sun," or just “To the Editor:” is sufficient. If you have the editor's name, however, you should use it to increase the possibilities of your letter being read.

2. Grab the reader's attention. Your opening sentence is very important. It should tell readers what you’re writing about, and make them want to read more.

3. Explain what the letter is about at the start.

Throughout your letter, remember the rule:

Be quick,
Be concise, and then
Be quiet.

LONDON

London

London Listeni/ˈlʌndən/ is the capital city of England and the United Kingdom, and the largest city, urban zone and metropolitan area in the United Kingdom, and the European Union by most measures. Located on the River Thames, London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its founding by the Romans, who named it Londinium.London's ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its square-mile mediaeval boundaries. Since at least the 19th century, the name London has also referred to the metropolis developed around this core. The bulk of this conurbation forms the London region and the Greater London administrative area, governed by the elected Mayor of London and the London Assembly.

London is a leading global city, with strengths in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism and transport all contributing to its prominence.It is one of the world's leading financial centres and has the fifth- or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world depending on measurement.London has been described as a world cultural capital. It is the world's most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the world's largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic. London's 43 universities form the largest concentration of higher education in Europe. In 2012, London became the first city to host the modern Summer Olympic Games three times.

London has a diverse range of peoples and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken within its boundaries. London had an official population of 8,174,100, making it the most populous municipality in the European Union,and accounting for 12.5% of the UK population. The Greater London Urban Area is the second-largest in the EU with a population of 8,278,251,while the London metropolitan area is the largest in the EU with an estimated total population of 15,010,295. London had the largest population of any city in the world from around 1831 to 1925.

London contains four World Heritage Sites: the Tower of London; Kew Gardens; the site comprising the Palace of Westminster, Westminster Abbey, and St Margaret's Church; and the historic settlement of Greenwich (in which the Royal Observatory marks the Prime Meridian, 0° longitude, and GMT). Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Paul's Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. London is home to numerous museums, galleries, libraries, sporting events and other cultural institutions, including the British Museum, National Gallery, Tate Modern, British Library and 40 West End theatres. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world.

London Map

CityMap will help you interactively locate museums, shopping malls, libraries, parks, sports facilities and other points of interest. Bicycling and walking routes and downtown parking locations are among the specialized services of CityMap that you can navigate to via the page links on the left.

London Eye

The structure was designed by the architectural team of David Marks and Julia Barfield, husband and wife.
They submitted their idea for a large observation wheel as part of a competition to design a landmark for the new millennium.
None of the entrants won the competition, but the couple pressed on and eventually got the backing of British Airways, who sponsored the project.

The London Eye is a giant Ferris wheel situated on the banks of the River Thames in London, England. The entire structure is 135 metres (443 ft) tall and the wheel has a diameter of 120 metres (394 ft).

It is the tallest Ferris wheel in Europe, and the most popular paid tourist attraction in the United Kingdom, visited by over 3.5 million people annually. When erected in 1999 it was the tallest Ferris wheel in the world, until surpassed first by the 160 m (520 ft) Star of Nanchang in 2006 and then the 165 m (541 ft) Singapore Flyer in 2008. Supported by an A-frame on one side only, unlike the taller Nanchang and Singapore wheels, the Eye is described by its operators as "the world's tallest cantilevered observation wheel". It offered the highest public viewing point in the city[citation needed] until it was superseded by the 245-metre (804 ft) observation deck on the 72nd floor of The Shard, which opened to the public on 1 February 2013.

The London Eye, or Millennium Wheel, was officially called the British Airways London Eye and then the Merlin Entertainments London Eye. Since 20 January 2011, its official name is the EDF Energy London Eye following a three-year sponsorship deal.

The London Eye adjoins the western end of Jubilee Gardens, on the South Bank of the River Thames between Westminster Bridge and Hungerford Bridge, in the London Borough of Lambeth. The site is adjacent to that of the former Dome of Discovery, which was built for the Festival of Britain in 1951.

PRESENTATION

PRESENTATION

Successful Oral Presentation 

In your personal life and in the world of business, you orally communicate with your customers, colleagues, associates, superiors, employees, employers and others. But this communication does not need any special preparation as this is simply a face to face conversation in which you can convey your message very easily and without any hesitation. However, at certain occasion you have to talk to a big audience such as employees to convince them to do hard work and customer to trust you.

Definition

The action of communication in which one speaker is doing most of the sending and a number of listeners are doing most of the receiving is known as oral presentation

Successful Oral Presentation 

Oral presentation creates mutual understanding between audience and speaker so you will have to give yourself some time to improve your oral presentation skills. For oral presentations, you need the different steps to be effective in your oral presentation. These steps are the following.
• Stages for preparing oral presentations.
• Types of oral presentations.
• Art of delivering the oral message.
• Delivering the speech.
• Nonverbal delivery.

The Three Step Oral Presentation Process

Regardless of your job or the purpose of your presentation, you will be more effective if you adopt an oral presentation process that follows these threes steps:
1. Planning  your presentation
2. Writing  your presentation
3. Completing your presentation
The content and style of speeches and presentations vary, depending on your purpose.

Planning Oral Presentation

Planning oral presentations is much like planning any other business message: it requires analyzing your purpose and your audience, investigating necessary information, and adapting your message to the occasion and your audience so that you can establish a good relationship.
The four basic purposes for giving a presentation are to inform, to persuade, to motivate, and to entertain. Here are sample statements of purpose for business preventative:

To Inform

Here your objective is to clarify, explain a process as a teacher, delivers a lecture to inform. In brief, at the conclusion of your message you hope, your listeners have a better comprehension of an issue, an idea, a process and a procedure that you have talked about.
• To inform the accounting department of the new remote data-access policy.
• To explain to the executive committee the financial ramifications of Omni Group’s takeover offer

To Persuade

Gaining willing acceptance of an idea is objective to persuasion. Note that the key word here is willing. Your goal is that after you have finished your presentation, listeners will accept your proposal. You hope they will do as you ask them to do. To persuade potential customers that our bank offers the best commercial banking services for their needs

To Motivate

To motivate the sales force to increase product sales by 10 percent.

To Entertain

In this type of presentation your purpose is to entertain an audience. Gear the content, organization, and style of your message to your audience’s size, background, attitudes, and interests.

Audience Analysis

A. Determine audience size and composition

1. Estimate how many people will attend.
2. Consider whether they have some political, religious, professional, or other affiliation in common.
3. Analyze the mix of men and women, age ranges, socioeconomic and ethnic groups, occupations, and geographic regions represented.

 B. Predict the audience’s probable reaction

• Analyze why audience members are attending the presentations
• Determine the audience’s general attitude toward the topic i.e. interested, moderately interested, unconcerned, open-minded, or hostile.
• Analyze the mood that people will be in when you speak to them.
• Find out what kind of backup information will impress the audience i.e. technical data, historical information, financial data, demonstrations, samples, and so on.
• Consider whether the audience has any biases that might work against you.
• Anticipate possible objections or questions.

C. Gauge the audience’s level of understanding

1. Analyze whether everybody has the same background and experience.
2. Determine what the audience already knows about the subject
3. Decide what background information the audience will need to understand the subject better.
4. Consider whether the audience is familiar with your vocabulary.
5. Analyze what the audience expects from you.
6. Think about the mix of general concepts and specific details you will need to present.

Writing Oral Presentation

Main Ideas or Content

Brainstorm your ideas first. Then decide which ideas are more relevant and appropriate to your audience and to your objective. Carryout any research that is necessary. Be selective, your first list of ideas may be disorganized. Later you can select those ideas that are workable. Don’t think this initial structure will be your final version.
The main ideal is to point out how the audience can benefit from your message. Convince audience that reorganizing the data-processing department will improve customer service and reduce employee turnover.
• Convince audience that we should build a new plant in Lahore to eliminate manufacturing bottlenecks and improve production quality.
• Address audience’s concerns regarding a new employee health-care plan by showing how the plan will reduce costs and improve the quality of care

Limit your scope

Effective presentation focuses on audience's need but also tailor messages to the time allowed.
• In one minute, the average speaker can delivery about one paragraph or 125 to 150 words.(7500 to 9000 wph)
• Fit your oral presentation to the time allotted.
• Introduction
• Conclusion
• Time to each point
• 10 minutes presentation / one hour

Choose Your Approach

With a well defined idea you begin to arrange your message
• Structure a short oral presentation like a letter or a memo
• Organize language speeches and presentations like formal reports.
• For bad news or persuasive plan to arouse interest or give a preview

Long presentation

Organize longer speeches and presentations like formal reports. If purpose is to entertain motivate or to inform, use direct order and a structure imposed naturally by the subject. Importance, sequence, chronology, spatial orientation, geography or category. If you purpose is to analyze, persuade or collaborate organize your material around conclusions and recommendation or around a logical arguments. Use direct order if the audience is receptive use indirect if you expect resistance. Regardless of the length of your presentation, bear in mind that simplicity of organization is valuable in oral presentation.

Prepare Your Outline

A Carefully prepared outline can be more than just the starting point for composing a speech or presentation – it will help your stay on task. You can use your outline to make sure your message accomplishes its purpose to help your keep your presentation both audience-centered and within the allotted time. If you plan to deliver your presentation from notes rather than from a written text, your outline can also become your final “script”. Outline will serve you speaking notes. The heading should be complete sentences or lengthy phrase not one two word. Include visual aid. Use transmittal sentences Outlines can help you compose your presentation and stay on task.

Decide on style

Chose your style to fit the occasion your audience size subject purpose.
Decide on an Appropriate Style:
Use a casual style for small groups; use a formal style for large groups and important events.
In both formal and informal presentations, keep things simple. Remember to choose your words carefully. Don't try to impress you audience with obscure and unfamiliar words.

Developing Your Oral Presentation

Developing a major presentation is much like writing a formal report, with one important difference. You need to adjust your technique to an oral communication channel. Her you have the opportunity of interacting with your audience. So, formal presentations differ from formal reports because they have more interaction with the audience. The speaker uses nonverbal cues to express his meaning, has less control of contents and requires greater need to help the audience stay on track. How formal presentations differ form formal reports:
• More interaction with the audience
• Use of nonverbal cues to express meaning
• Less control of contents
• Greater need to help the audience stay on track

Arousing Audience Interest

• To capture attention, connect your topic to your listeners’ needs and interests.
• Match the introduction to the tone of your presentation

Body

Limit the body to three or four main points. Help your audience follow your presentation by using clear transitions between sentences and paragraphs, as well as between major sections. Emphasize your transition by repeating key ideas, using gestures, changing your tone of voice, or introducing a visual aid.

Holding Your Audience’s Attention

• Relate your subject to your audience’s needs.
• Anticipate your audience’s questions
• Use clear, vivid language
• Explain the relationship between your subject and familiar ideas.

Close

 To close should leave a strong and lasting impression.
 Restating your main Points
Summarize the main idea, and restart the main points
• Increase the overall level of compensation
• Install a cash bonus program
• Offer a variety of stock-based incentives
• Improve our health insurance and pension benefits

Describing the Next Steps

• Be certain that everyone agrees on the outcome and understands what should happen next.
• Make your final words memorable
• Completing oral presentation
• Evaluate the content of your message
Edit for clarity, besides mastering the art of delivery, prepare to speak, overcome anxiety and
handle questions with responsively.

INTERVIEW

PROCESS OF PREPARING THE INTERVIEWAND HOW TO INTERVIEW

Qualifications for the Job

Suitability for the specific job is judged on the basis of:
• Academic preparation
• Work experience
• Job-related personality traits
When you’re invited to interview for a position, the interviewer may already have some idea of whether you have the right qualifications, based on a review of your resume. But during the interview, you’ll be asked to describe your education and previous jobs in more depth so that the interviewer can determine how well your skills match the requirements. In many cases, the interview will be seeking someone with the flexibility to apply diverse skills in several areas. Pre-employment tests attempt to provide objective, quantitative information about a candidate’s skills, attitudes, and habits.

Pre-employment Test

Three types of pre-employment tests frequently administered by companies are job skill tests, psychological tests, and drug tests. Job-skill tests, the most common type, are designed to access competency or specific abilities needed to perform a job. Psychological tests usually take the form of questionnaires. These tests can be used to assess overall intellectual ability, attitudes toward work, interests, managerial potential, or personality characteristics – including dependability, commitment, honesty, and motivation. Drug tests are not conducted in our country, however they are conducted abroad.

Preparing for a Job Interview   

For a success interview, preparation is mandatory. The best way to prepare for a job interview is to think about the job itself.  It’s perfectly normal to feel a little anxious before an interview. But good preparation will help you perform well. Be sure to consider any cultural differences when preparing for interviews, and base your approach on what you audience expects. Before the interview, learn about the organization, think ahead about questions, bolster your confidence, polish you interview style, plan to look good, and be ready when you arrive.

Learn About the Organization

Planning your employment search, you probably researched the companies you sent your resume to. But now that you’ve been invited for an interview, you’ll want to fine-tune your research and brush up on the facts you’ve collection.
Today’s companies expect serious candidates to demonstrate an understanding of the company’s operations, its market, and its strategic and tactical problems. Learning about the organization and the job enables you to show the interviewer just how you will meet the organization’s particular needs.

Planning for a Successful Interview

How can you practice for a job interview? What are some questions that you might be asked, and how should you respond? What questions are you not obligated to answer? These entire questions are important for interviews.

Think Ahead about Interview Questions

Planning ahead for the interview questions will help you handle them more confidently and intelligently. Moreover, you will want to prepare intelligent questions of your own.

Interview Strategies 

You may be asked the following questions.
1. What was the toughest decision you ever had to make?
2. Why do you want to work for this organization?
3. Why would we employ you?
4. If we hire you, what changes would you make?
5. Can we offer you a career path?
6. What are your greatest strengths?
7. What are your greatest weaknesses?
8. What didn’t you like about previous job you’ve held?
9. Are there any weaknesses in your education or experience?
10. Where do you want to be five years form now?
11. What are you salary expectations?
12. What would you do if……
13. What type of position are you interested in?
15. Tell me something about yourself.
16. Do you have any question about the organization or the job?

Bolster Your Confidence berfore Interview 

If you feel shy or self-conscious, remember that recruiters are human too. By building your confidence, you’ll make a better impression. The best way to counteract any apprehension is to remove its source. You may feel shy or self-conscious because you think you have some flaw that will prompt others to reject you. Bear in mind, however, that you’re much more conscious of your limitations than other people are.

Polish your interview Style

Staging mock interview with a friend is a good way to hone your style. Nonverbal behaviour has a significant effect on the interviewer’s opinion of you. Confidence helps you walk into an interview, but once you’re there, you want to give the interviewer an impression of poise, good manners, and good judgment. Some job seekers hire professional coaches and image consultants to create just the right impression.

Plan to Look Good

To look like a winner
• Dress conservatively
• Be well groomed
• Smile when appropriate
Physical appearance is important because clothing and grooming reveal a candidate’s personality and professionalism. When it comes to clothing, the best policy is to dress conservatively. Wear the best-quality businesslike clothes you can, preferably a dark, solid colour.

Interviewing for Success

Be prepared for the interview by
• Taking proof of your accomplishments
• Arriving on time
• Waiting graciously

RESUME WRITING

RESUME WRITING

Example of a chronological resume

June 2006 to present
Chief Accountant / Financial Analyst. AZ Corporation

• Prepare accounting reports for wholesale giftware importer (Rs75 million annual sales)
• Audit financial transactions with suppliers in 12 Latin American countries
• Created a computerized model to adjust account for fluctuations in currency exchange rates.
• Negotiated joint-venture agreements with major suppliers in Mexico and Colombia
• Implemented electronic funds transfer for vendor disbursements, improving cash flow and eliminating payables clerk position.

The Functional Resume

A functional resume emphasizes a list of skills and accomplishments, identifying employers and academic experience in subordinate sections. This pattern stresses individual areas of competence, so it’s useful for people who are just entering the job market, want to redirect their careers, or have little continuous career-related experience.
 
Advantages
(1) without having to read through job descriptions, employers can see what you can do for them,
(2) you can emphasize earlier job experience,
(3) you can de-emphasize any lack of career progress or lengthy unemployment.

Example of the Functional Resume

Relevant Skills
 
Personal Selling/Retailing
• Led house wares department in employee sales for spring 2006.
• Created end-cap and shelf displays for special housewares promotions.
• Sold the most benefit tickets during college fund-raising drive for local community centre
 
Public Interaction
• Commended by housewares manager for resolving customer complaints amicably
• Was captain college xi and participated in many University Fixtures
Managing
• Training part-time housewares employees in cash register operation and customer service
• Reworked housewares employee schedules as assistant manager
• Organized summer activities for children 6-12 years old for city of Karachi – including reading programs, sports activities, etc.

The Combination Resume

A combination resume includes the best features of the chronological and functional approaches. Nevertheless, it is not commonly used, and it has two major disadvantages:

(1) it tends to be longer, and
(2) it can be repetitious if you have to list your accomplishments and skills in both the functional                         section and the chronological job descriptions.

Example of such a resume

Naeem Ahmad
122-Mall Road Lahore
(042) 5858585
Objective
To obtain a position as a special events coordinator that will utilize my skills and experience
 
Skills and capabilities
• Plan and coordinate large-scale public events
• Develop community support for concerts, festivals, and the arts
• Manage publicity for major events
• Coordinate activities of diverse community groups
• Establish and maintain financial controls for public events
• Negotiate contracts with performers, carpenters, electricians, and suppliers.

Special Event Experience
• Arranged 2001’s week-long Arts and Entertainment Festival for the  Public Library, involving performances by 25 musicians, dancers, actors, magicians, and artists
• Supervised the 2000 PTA Spring Carnival, an all-day festival with game booths, live bands, contests, and food service that raised Rs. 70,000 for the PTA
• Organized the 1999 Provincial convention for 80 members of the Lahore  Women club, which extended over a three-day period and required arrangement for hotels, meals, speakers, and special tours
• Served as chairperson for the 1998 Children’s complex Show, a luncheon for 400 that raised Rs.50,000  for orphans and privileged children.
Education
• Bachelor of Arts, Psychology, APV College, Lahore.

Employment History
• First National Bank of Pakistan 1988 to 1990, personnel counselor/campus recruiter; scheduled and conducted interview with graduating MBA students on 18  campuses; managed orientation program for recruits hired for bank’s management trainee staff
• ABC University 1996-1998, part-time research assistant for Professor Hassan (Science Department)

Compose your resume to impress
Write your resume using a simple and direct style. Use short, crisp phrases instead of whole sentences, and focus on what your reader needs to know. Avoid using the word I instead, start your phrases with impressive action verbs such as these:

LONDON AND ENDLAND

England (Listeni/ˈɪŋɡlənd/) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west. The Irish Sea lies north west of England, whilst the Celtic Sea lies to the south west. The North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south separate it from continental Europe. Most of England comprises the central and southern part of the island of Great Britain in the North Atlantic. The country also includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly, and the Isle of Wight.

The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period, but it takes its name from the Angles, one of the Germanic tribes who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries. England became a unified state in 927 AD, and since the Age of Discovery, which began during the 15th century, has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world. The English language, the Anglican Church, and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England, and the country's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations.The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the world's first industrialised nation.

England And London

London Listeni/ˈlʌndən/ is the capital city of England and the United Kingdom, and the largest city, urban zone and metropolitan area in the United Kingdom, and the European Union by most measures. Located on the River Thames, London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its founding by the Romans, who named it Londinium. London's ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its square-mile mediaeval boundaries. Since at least the 19th century, the name London has also referred to the metropolis developed around this core.The bulk of this conurbation forms the London region and the Greater London administrative area,governed by the elected Mayor of London and the London Assembly.

London is a leading global city, with strengths in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism and transport all contributing to its prominence. It is one of the world's leading financial centres and has the fifth- or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world depending on measurement.London has been described as a world cultural capital. It is the world's most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the world's largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic. London's 43 universities form the largest concentration of higher education in Europe. In 2012, London became the first city to host the modern Summer Olympic Games three times.

London Today

Many say today London is a swinging, cosmopolitan, safe, fashionable capital city. Traffic is appalling but no worse than any other similar urban centre. London is also dirty but is much cleaner than it was 25 years ago. (The English are simply fun loving dirty people compared with the Swiss and the Swedish.)

Living In London

Living now in London is now better than it ever has been both for the rich and the poor, with poverty extremes being almost non existent. Even so there are still probably some 50,000 people sleeping rough on the London streets every night. Ethnic minorities sleeping rough are in the minority.

Planners have tried to re-create small village areas within London to enhance the environment for those who live in the centre very often by establishing traffic free (or traffic restricted) zones supported by local shops and pubs but no new churches. Indeed based on the numbers of people who now go to church, London and elsewhere in England is a secular society. Two good examples of new village areas are in Holborn, north of Theobald's road and north of Oxford street and east of Baker street. These should be added to the fashionable village areas of Kensington and Notting Hill as well as the less fashionable, but swinging Bayswater and Camden. (There are many more examples)

London Transport

What is the solution to the mass movement of people in a city? Bikes perhaps!! Yes even in cold wet London the use of pedal power made a come back some 10 years ago on the backs of a general revival, fuelled by fashionable, off road mountain bikes. A bike is probably the best, safety excepted, for the young to travel up to say 10 miles in the metropolis. Unfortunately bike lanes are few and far between and theft is an issue particularly of desirable £500 plus bikes.

The Tube (Metro) in London is extensive but is mainly over 100 years old and is very slow and crowded. A solution would be to rebuild on new tracks through existing tunnels. This has been done to some extent on the Northern Line which boasts new rolling stock and on the Jubilee Line which was extended out to Greenwich via the old Surrey Docks for the Millennium Dome exhibition. The left wing Mayor, Ken Livingstone should be given credit for fighting Central Government to achieve a unified management structure, with clear accountability, to run London's Tube Trains. Unfortunately, however, no radical plans have been produced to say double the potential capacity of the service as might be possible with a radical increase of the speed of the rolling stock.

Population and Housing in London 

There are no plans to further reduce the population of London. Indeed the numbers of people living in central London is on the increase particularly amongst the better off as the urban village environments and other schemes start to work. The use of high rise developments for high class living is virtually nil other than in the Docklands. The poor also prefer terraced-style housing of which there is plenty and indeed poor inhabitants living in the high-rises that have been built sometimes have to stomach dirty and violent surroundings. Major international companies on the other hand, like inhabiting high rise office blocks and London Mayor Ken Livingstone is working with architects to determine the best areas in London for office Sky Scrapers. The opposition is the English National Heritage.

London peoples are multi-cultured and multi-coloured. On the fringes there is full integration with inter-marriages particularly where religion is not an issue. In the main however the new races keep to invisibly separated territories and happily meet in the central shopping precincts and in the workplace. The big boost to workplace integration came with the advent of the computer which required a new breed of intelligence to write software code that could therefore be satisfied by any social class, colour, religion or sex. Indeed in the computer world there are no obvious top dogs between men and women, rich or poor, whites, blacks, browns, Chinese or Japanese, Christians, Muslims or any other group. This might be the start of something good! London has its fair share of software companies to further this integration.
Walking the streets of London it is also very encouraging to see many slim, well dressed, healthy and attractive people from all races mingling with equality of opportunity round every corner. (Obviously there are exceptions to this generalisation notably amongst the poorly educated inner city inhabitants. Whose fault is it, their parents or the government?)

London Shopping

One of the attractions to London is shopping. Top shops, in for example Oxford Street (Selfridges and Marks and Spencer), Regents Street (Hamleys, Libertys and Lillywhites), Piccadilly(Hatchards), Knightsbridge(Harrods) are a match for any shop in any country in the world. This is of course only a small sample of the best known shops and there are a multitude of smaller specialist shops catering for every need of men and women. All these are central in the West End and easily and cheaply reached by Tube, Taxi, Bus, Bike or on foot.

London Theatre

London is perhaps the best in the world for live plays as the English repertory companies are known to give the best training for this art. Theatre Land is centred round Shaftsbury Avenue which runs north east out of Piccadilly. There are small Theatres to be found all over London which include of course the rebuilt Shakespeare's Globe Theatre in historic Southwark and the Young Vic south of Waterloo Bridge.

Immune System

What is Immune System?

The immune system is a network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend the body against attacks by “foreign” invaders. These are primarily microbes—tiny organisms such as bacteria, parasites, and fungi that can cause infections. Viruses also cause infections, but are too primitive to be classified as living organisms. The human body provides an ideal environment for many microbes. It is the immune system’s job to keep them out or, failing that, to seek out and destroy them.


When the immune system hits the wrong target, however, it can unleash a torrent of disorders, including allergic diseases, arthritis, and a form of diabetes. If the immune system is crippled, other kinds of diseases result.

The immune system is amazingly complex. It can recognize and remember millions of different enemies, and it can produce secretions (release of fluids) and cells to match up with and wipe out nearly all of them.

The secret to its success is an elaborate and dynamic communications network. Millions and millions of cells, organized into sets and subsets, gather like clouds of bees swarming around a hive and pass information back and forth in response to an infection. Once immune cells receive the alarm, they become activated and begin to produce powerful chemicals. These substances allow the cells to regulate their own growth and behavior, enlist other immune cells, and direct the new recruits to trouble spots.

Although scientists have learned much about the immune system, they continue to study how the body launches attacks that destroy invading microbes, infected cells, and tumors while ignoring healthy tissues. New technologies for identifying individual immune cells are now allowing scientists to determine quickly which targets are triggering an immune response. Improvements in microscopy are permitting the first-ever observations of living B cells, T cells, and other cells as they interact within lymph nodes and other body tissues.

In addition, scientists are rapidly unraveling the genetic blueprints that direct the human immune response, as well as those that dictate the biology of bacteria, viruses, and parasites. The combination of new technology and expanded genetic information will no doubt reveal even more about how the body protects itself from disease.

The Structure/Organs of the Immune System

The organs of the immune system are positioned throughout the body. They are called lymphoid organs because they are home to lymphocytes, small white bloodcells that are the key players in the immune system.

Bone marrow, the soft tissue in the hollow center of bones, is the ultimate source of all blood cells, including lymphocytes. The thymus is a lymphoid organ that lies behind the breastbone.

Lymphocytes known as T lymphocytes or T cells (“T” stands for “thymus”) mature in the thymus and then migrate to other tissues. B lymphocytes, also known as B cells, become activated and mature into plasma cells, which make and release antibodies.

Lymph nodes, which are located in many parts of the body, are lymphoid tissues that contain numerous specialized structures.

    T cells from the thymus concentrate in the paracortex.

    B cells develop in and around the germinal centers.

    Plasma cells occur in the medulla.

Lymphocytes can travel throughout the body using the blood vessels. The cells can also travel through a system of lymphatic vessels that closely parallels the body’s veins and arteries.

Cells and fluids are exchanged between blood and lymphatic vessels, enabling the lymphatic system to monitor the body for invading microbes. The lymphatic vessels carry lymph, a clear fluid that bathes the body’s tissues.

Small, bean-shaped lymph nodes are laced along the lymphatic vessels, with clusters in the neck, armpits, abdomen, and groin. Each lymph node contains specialized compartments where immune cells congregate, and where they can encounter antigens.

Immune cells, microbes, and foreign antigens enter the lymph nodes via incoming lymphatic vessels or the lymph nodes’ tiny blood vessels. All lymphocytes exit lymph nodes through outgoing lymphatic vessels. Once in the bloodstream, lymphocytes are transported to tissues throughout the body. They patrol everywhere for foreign antigens, then gradually drift back into the lymphatic system to begin the cycle all over again.

Disorders of the Immune System

Allergic Diseases

The most common types of allergic diseases occur when the immune system responds to a false alarm. In an allergic person, a normally harmless material such as grass pollen, food particles, mold, or house dust mites is mistaken for a threat and attacked.

Allergies such as pollen allergy are related to the antibody known as IgE. Like other antibodies, each IgE antibody is specific; one acts against oak pollen and another against ragweed, for example.

Autoimmune Diseases

Sometimes the immune system’s recognition apparatus breaks down, and the body begins to manufacture T cells and antibodies directed against self antigens in its own cells and tissues. As a result, healthy cells and tissues are destroyed, which leaves the person’s body unable to perform important functions.

Misguided T cells and autoantibodies, as they are known, contribute to many autoimmune diseases. For instance, T cells that attack certain kinds of cells in the pancreas contribute to a form of diabetes, whereas an autoantibody known as rheumatoid factor is common in people with rheumatoid arthritis. People with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) have antibodies to many types of their own cells and cell components. SLE patients can develop a severe rash, serious kidney inflammation, and disorders of other important tissues and organs.

No one knows exactly what causes an autoimmune disease, but many factors are likely to be involved. These include elements in the environment, such as viruses, certain drugs, and sunlight, all of which may damage or alter normal body cells. Hormones are suspected of playing a role because most autoimmune diseases are far more common in women than in men. Heredity, too, seems to be important. Many people with autoimmune diseases have characteristic types of self-marker molecules.

Immune Deficiency Disorders

When the immune system is missing one or more of its parts, the result is an immune deficiency disorder. These disorders can be inherited, acquired through infection, or produced as a side effect by drugs such as those used to treat people with cancer or those who have received transplants

Temporary immune deficiencies can develop in the wake of common virus infections, including influenza, infectious mononucleosis, and measles. Immune responses can also be depressed by blood transfusions, surgery, malnutrition, smoking, and stress.

Some children are born with poorly functioning immune systems. Some have flaws in the B cell system and cannot produce antibodies. Others, whose thymus is either missing or small and abnormal, lack T cells. Very rarely, infants are born lacking all of the major immune defenses. This condition is known as severe combined immune deficiency disease or SCID.

AIDS is an immune deficiency disorder caused by a virus (HIV) that infects immune cells. HIV can destroy or disable vital T cells, paving the way for a variety of immunologic shortcomings. The virus also can hide out for long periods in immune cells. As the immune defenses falter, a person develops AIDS and falls prey to unusual, often life-threatening infections and rare cancers.

Earn Money

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Everyone wants to be a millionaire within week. But to become a too much rich person we have to do work hard form day to night and also wait for long time, because no one can be a millionaire in short period. But sometime, we really wish a world in which we earn money in just one night and also in a manner in which the work itself entertain us according to our desires. Now I have a way to get my desiring destination within few months via blogging. I would like to share my personal experience over here.

The Great Sphinx

A History of the Great Sphinx of Giza

The Great Sphinx stands on the Giza Plateau, a stone's throw away from the Great Pyramids of Egypt. The statue faces directly east, some speculate as a guardian of the temple and pyramids that surround it.

When the ancients first came into the contact with this statue, a massive creature with the body of a lion and the head of a man they called it a Sphinx. In Greek mythology a sphinx is a winged creature with the body of a lion and the head of a woman. Gender differences withstanding the name Sphinx has been applied to the lion-man statue at Giza and to all similar statues found in Egypt.

What name the Egyptians originally gave the Sphinx is unknown. The earliest Egyptian writings mentioning the Sphinx come from almost a millennium after its original building and refer to it by several names: Hor-em-akht (Horus in the Horizon), Bw-How (Place of Horus) and Ra-horakhty (Ra of Two Horizons).

No other sphinx statue found in Egypt is either as old or as large as the Great Sphinx of Giza. It stands 65 feet tall, 20 feet wide and an astounding 260 feet long. Estimates of its weight (not precisely known) range upwards of 200 tons, making it one of the largest single stone sculptures in the world.

Origins of the Great Sphinx of Giza

BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT

BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT

Introduction

The process of starting up and developing a business is not just an adventure, but also a real challenge. In order to help entrepreneurs with this, it is essential to create a favourable business environment.
Ensuring easier access to funding, making legislation clearer and more effective and developing an entrepreneurial culture and support networks for businesses are all instrumental as far as the setting up and growth of businesses are concerned.
However, creating a favourable business environment does not mean simply improving the growth potential of businesses. It also means turning Europe into a place in which it is advantageous to invest and work. In this way, the promotion of corporate social responsibility is contributing to making business in Europe more attractive.
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) make up 99% of European businesses. Their small size makes them very sensitive to changes in the industry and environment in which they operate. It is therefore vital for their well-being to be a focus of political attention.

What Is Business Environment?

The term Business Environment is composed of two words ‘Business’ and ‘Environment’. In simple terms, the state in which a person remains busy is known as Business. The word Business in its economic sense means human activities like production, extraction or purchase or sales of goods that are performed for earning profits.

On the other hand, the word ‘Environment’ refers to the aspects of surroundings. Therefore, Business Environment may be defined as a set of conditions – Social, Legal, Economical, Political or Institutional that are uncontrollable in nature and affects the functioning of organization. Business Environment has two components:

1. Internal Environment

2. External Environment

Internal Environment:

It includes 5 Ms i.e. man, material, money, machinery and management, usually within the control of business. Business can make changes in these factors according to the change in the functioning of enterprise.

External Environment:

Those factors which are beyond the control of business enterprise are included in external environment. These factors are: Government and Legal factors, Geo-Physical Factors, Political Factors, Socio-Cultural Factors, Demo-Graphical factors etc. It is of two Types:

1. Micro/Operating Environment

2. Macro/General Environment

Micro/Operating Environment: The environment which is close to business and affects its capacity to work is known as Micro or Operating Environment. It consists of Suppliers, Customers, Market Intermediaries, Competitors and Public.

(1) Suppliers: 

They are the persons who supply raw material and required components to the company. They must be reliable and business must have multiple suppliers i.e. they should not depend upon only one supplier.

(2) Customers:

 Customers are regarded as the king of the market. Success of every business depends upon the level of their customer’s satisfaction. Types of Customers:

(i) Wholesalers

(ii) Retailers

(iii) Industries

(iv) Government and Other Institutions

(v) Foreigners

(3) Market Intermediaries: -

 They work as a link between business and final consumers. Types:-

(i) Middleman

(ii) Marketing Agencies

(iii) Financial Intermediaries

(iv) Physical Intermediaries

(4) Competitors: - 

Every move of the competitors affects the business. Business has to adjust itself according to the strategies of the Competitors.

(5) Public: - 

Any group who has actual interest in business enterprise is termed as public e.g. media and local public. They may be the users or non-users of the product.

Macro/General Environment: – 

It includes factors that create opportunities and threats to business units. Following are the elements of Macro Environment:

(1) Economic Environment: - 

It is very complex and dynamic in nature that keeps on changing with the change in policies or political situations. It has three elements:

(i) Economic Conditions of Public

(ii) Economic Policies of the country

(iii)Economic System

(iv) Other Economic Factors: – 

Infrastructural Facilities, Banking, Insurance companies, money markets, capital markets etc.

(2) Non-Economic Environment: - 

Following are included in non-economic environment:-

(i) Political Environment: - 

It affects different business units extensively. Components:

(a) Political Belief of Government

(b) Political Strength of the Country

(c) Relation with other countries

(d) Defense and Military Policies

(e) Centre State Relationship in the Country

(f) Thinking Opposition Parties towards Business Unit

King Tutankhamen

King Tutankhamen

King Tutankhamen (or Tutankhamun) ruled Egypt as pharaoh for 10 years until his death at age 19, around 1324 B.C. Although his rule was notable for reversing the tumultuous religious reforms of his father, Pharaoh Akhenaten, Tutankhamen’s legacy was largely negated by his successors. He was barely known to the modern world until 1922, when British archaeologist Howard Carter chiseled through a doorway and entered the boy pharaoh's tomb, which had remained sealed for more than 3,200 years. The tomb's vast hoard of artifacts and treasure, intended to accompany the king into the afterlife, revealed an incredible amount about royal life in ancient Egypt, and quickly made King Tut the world's most famous pharaoh.

King Tut: Royal Lineage

Genetic testing has verified that King Tut was the grandson of the great pharaoh Amenhotep II, and almost certainly the son of Akhenaten, a controversial figure in the history of the 18th dynasty of Egypt’s New Kingdom (c.1550-1295 B.C.). Akhenaten upended a centuries-old religious system to favor worship of a single deity, the sun god Aten, and moved Egypt's religious capital from Thebes to Amarna. After Akhenaten's death, two intervening pharaohs briefly reigned before the 9-year-old prince, then called Tutankhaten, took the throne.
Early in his reign Tutankhamen reversed Akhenaten's reforms, reviving worship of the god Amun, restoring Thebes as a religious center and changing the end of his name to reflect royal allegiance to the creator god Amun. He also worked in concert with his powerful advisers Horemheb and Ay—both future pharaohs—to restore Egypt’s stature in the region.

King Tut: Illnesses and Death

King Tut was tall but physically frail, with a crippling bone disease in his clubbed left foot. He is the only pharaoh known to have been depicted seated while engaged in physical activities like archery. Traditional inbreeding in the Egyptian royal family also likely contributed to the king's poor health and early death. DNA tests published in 2010 revealed that Tutankhamen's parents were brother and sister and that his wife, Ankhesenamun, was also his half-sister. Their only two daughters were stillborn.
Because Tutankhamen's remains revealed a hole in the back of the skull, some historians had concluded that the young king was assassinated, but recent tests suggest that the hole was made during mummification. CT scans in 1995 showed that the king had an infected broken left leg, while DNA from his mummy revealed evidence of multiple malaria infections, all of which may have contributed to his early death.

King Tut: Mummy and Tomb

After he died, King Tut was mummified according to Egyptian religious tradition, which held that royal bodies should be preserved and provisioned for the afterlife. Embalmers removed his organs and wrapped him in resin-soaked bandages, a 24-pound solid gold portrait mask was placed over his head and shoulders and he was laid in a series of nested containers—three golden coffins, a granite sarcophagus and four gilded wooden shrines, the largest of which barely fit into the tomb's burial chamber.
Because of his tomb’s small size, historians suggest King Tut’s death must have been unexpected and his burial rushed by Ay, who succeeded him as pharaoh. The tomb’s antechambers were packed to the ceiling with more than 5,000 artifacts, including furniture, chariots, clothes, weapons and 130 of the lame king's walking sticks. The entrance corridor was apparently looted soon after the burial, but the inner rooms remained sealed. The pharaohs who followed Tut chose to ignore his reign, as despite his work restoring Amun, he was tainted by the connection to his father’s religious upheavals. Within a few generations, the tomb's entrance had been clogged with stone debris, built over by workmen's huts and forgotten.

King Tut's Tomb: Rediscovery and Renown

By the time he discovered Tutankhamen’s tomb in 1922, British archaeologist Howard Carter had been excavating Egyptian antiquities for three decades. At the time of the discovery, archaeologists believed that all the royal tombs in the Valley of the Kings, across the river from ancient Thebes, had already been cleared. Excitement about the new tomb—the most intact ever found—quickly spread worldwide. It took Carter and his team a decade to catalogue and empty the tomb.
Artifacts from King Tut's tomb have toured the world in several blockbuster museum shows, including the worldwide 1972-79 "Treasures of Tutankhamun" exhibitions. Eight million visitors in seven U.S. cities viewed the exhibition of the golden burial mask and 50 other precious items from the tomb. Today the most fragile artifacts, including the burial mask, no longer leave Egypt. Tutankhamen's mummy remains on display within the tomb, his layered coffins replaced with a climate-controlled glass box.

BLOOD PRESSURE

What Is Blood Pressure?

Blood pressure is the force of blood against the walls of arteries. Blood pressure is recorded as two numbers—the systolic pressure (as the heart beats) over the diastolic pressure (as the heart relaxes between beats). The measurement is written one above or before the other, with the systolic number on top and the diastolic number on the bottom. For example, a blood pressure measurement of 120/80 mmHg (millimeters of mercury) is expressed verbally as "120 over 80."

Normal blood pressure is less than 120 mmHg systolic and less than 80 mmHg diastolic. 

High Blood Pressure

High blood pressure increases your chance (or risk) for getting heart disease and/or kidney disease, and for having a stroke. It is especially dangerous because it often has no warning signs or symptoms. Regardless of race, age, or gender, anyone can develop high blood pressure. It is estimated that one in every four American adults has high blood pressure. Once high blood pressure develops, it usually lasts a lifetime. You can prevent and control high blood pressure by taking action.

What Causes High Blood Pressure?

The causes of high blood pressure vary. Causes may include narrowing of the arteries, a greater than normal volume of blood, or the heart beating faster or more forcefully than it should. Any of these conditions will cause increased pressure against the artery walls. High blood pressure might also be caused by another medical problem. Most of the time, the cause is not known. Although high blood pressure usually cannot be cured, in most cases it can be prevented and controlled.

Effect of High Blood Pressure on Your Body

Its effects on the brain, eyes, arteries, kidneys, and heart to get a closer look at what high blood pressure does to these organs. 

Great Mummy Discoveries

Did you know that, prior to the 19th century, ancient mummies got none of the respect they have today? Rather than preserving them in museums, people would unwrap mummies and exploit their various parts. Their bones were ground up into powder and sold as medicine, and their wrappings were used to make paint. Some even say that early American paper manufacturers imported Egyptian mummies and made wrapping paper out of their bindings. Thankfully, these practices died out and mummies came to be seen as precious artifacts, which paved the way for some of the most remarkable discoveries in history.

Ginger

Nicknamed for its red hair, "Ginger" is the most famous of six naturally mummified bodies excavated in the late 19th century from shallow graves in the Egyptian desert. It went on display at the British Museum in 1901, becoming the first mummy to be exhibited in public, and has stayed there ever since. Ginger and the other bodies found with it are the oldest known mummies in existence, dating back to about 3400 B.C. Artificial mummification was not yet a common practice at the time of their deaths, but their bodies were naturally dried and preserved by the warm sand in which they were buried.

Hatshepsut

 The most prominent female pharaoh, Hatshepsut reigned over Egypt for roughly two decades, undertaking ambitious building projects and establishing valuable new trade routes until her death in 1458 B.C. The archaeologist Howard Carter discovered her royal tomb in Egypt's Valley of the Kings in 1902. When he located her sarcophagus some years later, however, it was found to be empty. Carter also unearthed a separate tomb, known as KV60, which contained two coffins: that of Hatshepsut's wet nurse–identified as such by an inscription on its cover–and that of an unknown female. In 2006, a team led by Dr. Zahi Hawass set out to determine whether the anonymous woman in KV60 could be the missing queen herself. The vital piece of evidence was a molar tooth found in a wooden box bearing Hatshepsut's name. When Awass and his colleagues compared the tooth to a gap in the mummy's upper jaw, it was a perfect fit, leading the researchers to conclude that the search for Hatshepsut was finally over.

Ramesses II

Regarded by many historians as Egypt's most powerful pharaoh, Ramesses II reigned for six decades (c. 1279-1213 B.C.), lived to be over 90 years old and is said to have fathered upwards of 100 children. His body was originally entombed in the Valley of the Kings, as was customary for a pharaoh, but ancient Egyptian priests later moved it to thwart rampant looters. In 1881, Ramesses II's mummy was discovered in a secret royal cache at Deir el-Bahri, along with those of more than 50 other rulers and nobles. In 1974, archeologists noticed its deteriorating condition and flew it to Paris, where it was treated for a fungal infection. Before the journey, Ramesses II was issued an Egyptian passport, which listed his occupation as "King (deceased)."

Valley of the Golden Mummies

Located in Egypt's Western Desert, the Bahariya Oasis was a major agricultural center during ancient times and is now home to several archaeological sites, including a Greek temple dedicated to Alexander the Great. In 1996, an antiquities guard was riding his donkey on the temple's grounds. Suddenly, the donkey's leg stumbled into a hole, revealing an opening in the desert floor and the edge of a tomb. A team of archaeologists led by Dr. Zahi Hawass began excavations of the site, known as the Valley of the Golden Mummies. The first few expeditions have uncovered several hundred mummies that date back to Egypt's Greco-Roman period, as well as a treasure trove of artifacts. The diversity of the mummies' adornments suggests that the site served as the final resting place for every level of society, including wealthy merchants, members of the middle class and poorer inhabitants. Hawass estimates that as many as 10,000 additional mummies may be lying under the sand.

Energy Crisis in Pakistan

1. Introduction :

Energy is considered to be life line of any economy and most vital instrument of socioeconomic development of a country. Energy is pivotal in running machinery in factories and industrial units, for lighting our cities and powering our vehicles etc.

There has been an enormous increase in the demand of energy as a result of industrial development and population growth, in comparison to enhancement in energy production. Supply of energy is, therefore, far less than the actual demand, resultantly crisis has emerged. An energy crisis can be defined as any great bottleneck (or price rise) in the supply of energy resources to an economy.

2. Pakistan’s Energy Sector:

Pakistan’s energy infrastructure is not well developed, rather it is considered to be underdeveloped and poorly managed. Currently the country is facing severe energy crisis. Despite of strong economic growth and rising energy demand during past decade, no serious efforts have been made to install new capacity of generation. Moreover, rapid demand growth, transmission losses due to outdated infrastructure, power theft, and seasonal reductions in the availability of hydropower have worsened the situation. Consequently, the demand exceeds supply and hence load-shedding is a common phenomenon through power shutdown.

2.1 Energy Supply :

During 2009-10, Energy supply and per capita availability of energy witnessed a decline of 0.64 % and 3.09 % respectively in comparison to previous year.

Pakistan needs around 15,000 to 20000 MW electricity per day, however, currently it is able to produce about 11,500 MW per day hence there is a shortfall of about 4000 to 9000 MW per day. This shortage is badly hampering the economic growth of the country.

2.2 Energy Consumption :

Pakistan’s energy consumption is met by mix of gas, oil, electricity, coal and LPG sources with different level of shares. Share of gas consumption stood at 43.7 %, followed by oil 29.0 percent, electricity 15.3 percent, coal 10.4 percent and LPG 1.5 percent.

3. Sources of Energy in Pakistan:

3.1 Non-renewable resources (Fossil fuels): [Limited – Expensive]

Non renewable resources are primarily fossil fuels emanating from remains/decomposition of animals and plants deposited deep into the earth crust and converted into oil and gas. These resources cannot be replenished. There are three main types of fossil fuels: coal, petroleum, natural gas and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG).

    a). Petroleum products:

In 2009-10, consumption of petroleum products was 29% of total share of energy. Majority of crude oil is imported from gulf countries to meet the demand. Power, industry and transport sectors consume higher quantity of petroleum followed by agriculture and house holds. Petroleum is also used in generation of electricity, which counts 64 percent of total electricity generation (34 coming from hydro generation). Balance recoverable reserves of crude oil in country have been estimated at 303.63 million barrels and we are extracting approximately 24 million crude oil annually, meaning if we do not explore new wells, we will exhaust our current crude oil reserves in 12-13 years.

    b). Natural Gas: 

Importance of natural gas is increasing rapidly. Average production of natural gas is 4,048.76 million cubic feet per day as against 3,986.53 million during corresponding last year, showing an increase of 1.56 percent. Natural gas is used in general industry to prepare consumer items, to produce cement, for manufacturing fertilizers and to generate electricity. In form of CNG, it is used in transport sector. Share of natural gas in energy consumption is 43.7 percent. Due to price differential between CNG and Petrol, vehicles are using converted to CNG and approximately 2.0 million vehicles are using CNG and currently Pakistan is the largest CNG user country in the world. Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) contributes around 0.7 percent to total energy supply in country and is being imported to stop deforestation in hilly areas.

    c). Coal: 

Pakistan has coal reserves estimated at over 185 billion tonnes, including 175 billion tonnes identified at Thar coalfields. Coal is primarily being used in brick kiln and cement industries and approximately 67 percent coal is imported because indigenous coal is not considered of good quality.

Guddu plant is largest plant thermal operated plant with a capacity of 1,650 MW, while two largest Independent Power Plants (IPPs) in Pakistan are Kot Addu (1,600 MW) and Hubb River (1,300 MW).

Causes of Energy Crisis : 

Pakistan’s energy crisis traces its roots to following distinct causes :

 Growing Energy Demand

; over the years there is greater need of energy because of;

    • increase in population,

    • enhancement in lifestyle

    • industrial and agricultural growth

    • greater transportation needs

 Lack of proactive and integrated planning for production of energy:

Pakistan has had wider potentials to tap energy, however, due to lack of any integrated/proactive planning, very less number of power producing plant were installed to meet futuristic demands. Resultantly, over the years, the gap between energy demand and supply drastically grew and now against demand of 20000 MW, we are having around 11500 MW.

Imbalanced energy energy mix

Energy mix in Pakistan is quite imbalance in comparison to other countries, with greater reliance on non-renewable resources of gas (43.7 %) and oil (29 % - majority of which is imported). Prices of petroleum products/crude oil fluctuate and in current Afro-Arab political crisis, the oil prices are likely to increase manifold affecting oil prices in Pakistan.